Giant Steps: Planetary Science in the GMT Era

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Giant Steps Planetary Science in the GMT Era
Penny D. SackettResearch School of Astronomy
AstrophysicsMt Stromlo and Siding Spring
Observatories
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Giant Steps Planetary Science in the GMT Era
Penny D. SackettResearch School of Astronomy
AstrophysicsMt Stromlo and Siding Spring
Observatories
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How long til 2018 ?
Blink of an eye or another revolution in
exoplanetary science?
and
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13 Years Ago
Letter to Nature Discovery of 51 Pegasus b
Mayor Queloz 1995
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Ten Years Ago

• Extrasolar Encyclopedia http// exoplanet.eu
• 13 planets (candidates) discovered by end of 1997
• 4 were pulsar planets 1 was multiple
• None were transiting or lensing or imaged
• We knew their names by heart
• First (?) Latham et al 1989, Nature, 339, 38
• HD114762b m sin i 11 MJUP and P 84 days
• . . . companion is probably a brown dwarf,
  and may even be a giant
  planet

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Ten Years Ago
Trimble Review of Astrophysics for 1997 on
extrasolar planets . . . . . . doubt being
cast on the entire enterprise . . . eg, see
Gray (1997)
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Today
Trimble Review of Astrophysics for 2006 on
extrasolar planets . . . . . . so many have
now swam into our ken, that it has become
difficult for a planet to stand out from the
crowd.
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Today

• Extrasolar Encyclopedia http// exoplanet.eu
• 271 planets discovered by end of 2007
• still (only) 4 pulsar planets, but 27 multiples
• 36 transiting, 6 lensing, 5 imaged
• First Microlensing Bond et al 2004, ApJL, 606,
  155
• New Zealand
• First Transiting Charbonneau et al 2000, ApJL,
  529, 45
• with GMT colleagues from Smithsonian
• First Imaged Song et al 2006, ApJ, 652, 724
  with GMT colleagues
  from Arizona, ANU

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Ten Years Ago

• ADS Feb-March 1998 Refereed Papers
• 1 use of exo/extrasolar planet in abstract
• On the nature of the radial velocity variability
  of Aldebaran A search for spectral line
  bisector variations (Hatzes and Cochran, MNRAS
  1998, 293, 469)
• ß Pictoris, a young planetary system? A review
  (Vidal-Madjar et al, 1998 PSS 46, 629)
• Habitable Planet Formation in Binary Star Systems
  (Whitmire et al, Icarus 1998, 132, 196)

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Today

• ADS Feb-March 2008 Refereed Papers
• 21 use exo/extrasolar planet in abstract
• The presence of methane in the atmosphere of an
  extrasolar planet (Swain et al 2008, Nature,
  452, 329)
• Ocean Planet or Thick Atmosphere On the
  Mass-Radius Relationship for Solid Exoplanets
  with Massive Atmospheres (Adams et al 2008, ApJ,
  673, 1160)
• The ELODIE survey for northern extra-solar
  planets. IV. HD 196885, a close binary star
  with a 3.7-year planet (Correia 2008, AA, 479,
  271)

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Today

• The presence of methane in the atmosphere of an
  extrasolar planet (Swain et al 2008, Nature,
  452, 329)

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GMT Our Part of the Arsenal

• Our Giant Eye
• Where will we look?
• What could we see?
• How will we refine the design the eye, retina,
  optical nerve and visual cortex?

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Ten Years from Now ?

• Extrasolar Encyclopedia http// exoplanet.eu
• 2000 planets discovered by end of 2017
• still (only) 4 pulsar planets (?), but 200
  multiples
• 1000 transiting, 50 lensing, 50 imaged

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Ten Years from Now ?

• ADS Feb-March 2018 Refereed Papers
• 400 (?) use exo/extrasolar planet in abstract
• First high-resolution spectrum of 200 Myr-old
  exo-Jupiter (U R Name et al, 2018, J of
  Comparative Planetology, 11, 1 )
• Super-hot, Super-Earths more common than
  predicted Implications for carbon-based life
  in the Galaxy (U R Colleague et al, 2018,
  AstroBiology, 213, 41)
• GMT (Giant M-dwarf Timing) Survey Results The
  frequency of moons around exoplanets (U R
  Student et al, 2018, J Korean Astron Society,
  1712, 30)

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Ten Years from Now ?
Trimble Review of Astrophysics for 2017 on
extrasolar planets . . . . . . ???? . . .
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Giant Light Bucket
Going Fainter
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Giant Light Bucket

• Going Faster (on Fainter Sources)
• Transit Timing
• Indicator of other bodies in the system
• Only ingress or egress may be needed (5 -10 min)
• Temporal precision required
• (eg, Miller-Ricci et al arXiV 0802.2722)
• 45 s for Earths in inner resonances or
• Exo-Neptunes in outer resonances
• Queue scheduling

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Giant Light Bucket

• Going Faster
• Microlensing
• Are there planets around the source stars ?
• (bulge giants or SMC and LMC giants)
• Queue observing

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Giant Light Bucket

• More Spectral Res _at_ same S/N (or vice versa)
• Microlensing
• Low-mass / multiple / or distant planets

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Microlensing
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Single Lens
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When a Planet is a lens
Depending on path of background star, a planet
orbiting lensing star will cause light curve
anomalies
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A Jupiter-Saturn Analog
s s s s
Gaudi et al 2008, Science
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Giant Light Bucket

• More Spectral Res _at_ same S/N (or vice versa)
• Microlensing
• Small and multiple planets
• Generally only mass-ratio and separation in RE
• Spectral type (ie, mass) of lensing primary
  yields
• mass and projected orbital separation of
  secondary
• Require high S/N spectra at peak (source) and at
  baseline (source lens light)
• Queue observing

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Giant Light Bucket

• More Spectral Res _at_ same S/N (or vice versa)
• Radial Velocity
• Smaller (terrestrial-sized) planets (and RmcL)
• (Andy Szentgyorgyi and Chris Tinney)
• More distant planets in previously known systems
• (targets will be known, need to consider how to
  optimise sampling rates)

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Giant Light Bucket

• More Spectral Res _at_ same S/N (or vice versa)
• Transits
• Use to gain more broad band precision?

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Giant Light Bucket

• More Precision (S/N)
• D2 17 x Skymapper, 5.5 x 4m, 3.4 x Magellan
• D4 286 x Skymapper, 30 x 4m, 11.5 x Magellan
• What sets the REAL limits on S/N? for
• Photometry
• Spectroscopy
• Polarimetry

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Giant Light Bucket
More Precision (S/N)
Corot-Exo-2b Alonso et al 0803.3207
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7 x 10-5 binning 369 pts
Earths !!
150 24hr days
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Giant Light Bucket
More Precision (S/N)
GMT ?
2 x 10-5 single point 2.5 min data over 4
hours
Moons !!
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Giant Light Bucket

• More Precision (S/N)
• What sets the REAL limits on S/N?
• Flat fields
• Scintillation
• Optics
• Night sky lines

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Diffraction Imaging

• Faint Targets and High Dynamic Range
• Hot, Young Exo Terrestrial Planets (Scott Kenyon)
• Extreme AO and cold Earths (Roger Angel)
• Cold Exo Jupiters in Reflected Light
• (Dyudina et al 2005 ApJ, Sackett 2006, IAUS
  232)
• GMT Could detect Gas Giant Analogs out to 100 pc
• Disks (Michael Meyer)

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Synergy

• Facilities of 2015 - 2020
• Simultaneous
• ALMA
• JWST
• SKA Precursors (ASKAP, MWA, etc Elaine Sadler)
• Target Selection
• COROT, KEPLER, HAT-SOUTH
• SkyMapper Southern Sky Survey
• Stand-alone SkyMapper Transit Search

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Target Multiplicity
HAT-South CfA / ANU / MPIA Las Campanas / SSO /
Namibia 128 square degrees 24/7 V 9 to 13 25
transiting planets / yr starting mid-2009
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Target Multiplicity

• SkyMapper Transit Search
• Few fields monitoring 100,000 dwarf stars
• 25 planets per month
• V 13 - 17
• Transiting Planet Targets for Magellan/GMT
• characterization

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GMT Partner Strengths

• Unparalleled in (Exo)planetary Science
• Radial Velocity Australia, Carnegie, Harvard,
  SAO, UTexas
• Transits Australia, Harvard, SAO
• Direct Imaging Arizona, Australia, SAO
• Microlensing Australia, Korea, SAO, Texas AM
• Theory Arizona, Australia, Carnegie, Harvard
• Disks Arizona, Australia, Harvard
• Solar System Arizona, Australia, Carnegie, SAO

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Ten Years from Now

• March 2018 Audience Demographics
• 30 (pre early Boomers) have retired
• 30 (middle-agers, Jones Gen) do last major work
• 25 (early mid career, Gen X) are new leaders
• 15 (PhD students, iGen) see GMT as workhorse
• 0 (Great-grand-PhDs) never known a universe
  without exoplanets or astronomy without the GMT

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Giant Steps Planetary Science in the GMT Era

Engage Youngest Minds Think Big Think
Broad Think New Think Outside the Box
GMT Era Understanding Large Planets and
Planetary Systems Discovering Small Planets
Use ALL Techniques Precision ! !
Penny D. SackettResearch School of Astronomy
AstrophysicsMt Stromlo and Siding Spring
Observatories
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Giant Steps Planetary Science in the GMT Era
Penny D. SackettResearch School of Astronomy
AstrophysicsMt Stromlo and Siding Spring
Observatories
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Studying Alien Saturns
At 1 part per million (or billion) easily lost
in the glare of parent star

• Light reflected from a planet tells us about its
  orbit, its atmosphere, and whether it has rings.

ANU Planetary Science Institute Dyudina,
Sackett, Bayliss et al, 2005
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Reducing the distractions
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Sailing into the Final Frontier The Giant
Magellan Telescope
We shall not cease from exploration, and the end
of all our exploring will be to arrive where we
started and know the place for the first
time. - T. S. Eliot
Learn more rsaa.anu.edu.au/gmt
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GMT Science