Welcome to Earth Science!

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Welcome to Earth Science!
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• BIG Idea Earth Scientists use specific methods
  to investigate Earth and beyond.

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What is Earth Science?

• the study of the Earth and the universe around
  it
• the study of Earth systems and systems in space
  including weather and climate systems, and the
  study of nonliving things such as rocks, oceans,
  and planets.

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A. The Scope of Earth Science
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1. Astronomy the study of objects beyond
Earths atmosphere.

• The oldest branch of Earth Science.

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2. Meteorology the study of Earths atmosphere.

• Weather Forecasters
• Tornado Chasers

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3. Geology the study of the origin, history, and
structure of Earth.
The study of SOLID earth.
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4. Oceanography the study of the life and
properties of Earths oceans.

• JACQUES COUSTEAU

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• How much of our Earth is covered by water?

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• almost three-fourths!

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• Of that water, how much is salt water?

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• about 97

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5. Environmental Science the study of the
interactions of organisms and their surroundings.
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B. Earths Systems
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• Geosphere the area from the surface of Earth
  down to its center.
• Three main parts
• Crust
• Mantle
• Core
• Inner core
• Outer core

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• Atmosphere the blanket of gases that surrounds
  our planet.

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• Hydrosphere all the water on Earth.

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• Biosphere all organisms on Earth and the
  environments in which they live.

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II. Methods of Scientists

• Scientific Methods series of organized
  problem-solving procedures that help scientists
  conduct experiments.
• There are five (5) steps to the SCIENTIFIC
  METHOD

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1. State the Problem, orAsk a Question?

• Observation use of senses to gather information
  about the world.

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What is the difference between an OBSERVATION and
an INFERENCE?

• Observation receiving knowledge of the outside
  world through our senses, or recording
  information using scientific tools and
  instruments.
• Inference reasoning involved in drawing a
  conclusion or making a logical judgment on the
  basis of circumstantial evidence and prior
  conclusions rather than on the basis of direct
  observation.

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How will YOU remember the difference?
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2. Gather Information

• To investigate a problem, one must gather
  information
• Measurement comparing some aspect of an object
  with a standard unit.
• meters, inches, miles grams, ounces,
  pounds

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3. Form a Hypothesis

• Hypothesis a possible solution or answer to your
  problem or question MUST be testable!

Can be proven wrong.
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4. Test the Hypothesis

• Experimentation procedure carried out to prove
  or disprove a hypothesis.

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• (a) Independent Variable variable that you, the
  experimenter, changes (the manipulated variable)
• (b) Dependent Variable variable that is affected
  by changes in the independent variable factor
  being measured (the responding variable)
• (c) Constants things that never change during
  the experiment

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• (d) Control duplicate setup of the experiment
  with everything the same except the variable you
  are testing.

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5. State a Conclusion

• After many experiments and observations, the
  hypothesis is either proved or disproved

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• Scientific Method Scenario
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• David read that Fox brake pads and Best brake
  pads were the best on the market. He always used
  NAPA pads and believed they performed the best.
  He decided to test all three pads and determine
  which was the best. David used the same car for
  each set of pads. He drove 25 mph and applied the
  brakes at the same point on the track. David then
  measured how many feet the car took to stop after
  the brakes were applied.
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• 1. The hypothesis _______________________________
  _____
•  
•  
• 2. The effects of the ________________(independe
  nt variable)
• on the __________________________________
  (dependent variable).
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• 3. List three constants
• ______________________________________
• ______________________________________
• ______________________________________
•  

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• Scientific LAW
• a statement of fact that is believed to be always
  true
• STATES and describes behavior of natural
  phenomenon, does NOT explain them
• a rule of nature
• observable but not explainable

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EXAMPLES of Scientific Laws

• Law of Inertia
• Keplers Laws of Planetary Motion
• Newtons Universal Law of Gravitation

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• Scientific THEORY
• an explanation based on many observations during
  repeated investigations
• the best available explanation of a phenomenon
• a hypothesis that is supported by the experiments
• may change with the discovery of new data

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EXAMPLES of Scientific Theories

• Heliocentric Theory
• Theory of Evolution
• Meteorite Impact Theory
• Big Bang Theory

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• "Scientific laws are the evidence used to support
  a conclusion.  Scientific theories are our best
  attempts at explaining the behavior of the world,
  in ways that can be tested by further
  experiment.  The facts (the scientific laws) must
  convince us that our theory is a good explanation
  for what happened."

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Meteorite Impact Theory
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• Explains the extinction of the dinosaurs

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• Meteorite hit the earth 65 million years ago
• The impact created so much dust it blocked out
  the sun
• No sun, no plantsalmost everything died

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• Proof
• Computer models
• Deformed quartz
• Iridium around the impact site

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III. Communication in Science

• lab reports
• graphs
• models

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