Traditions of Teaching

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Chapter 2
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Traditions of Teaching
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Created shortly before the U.S. entered World War
I

• Social Studies

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Fred Morrow Fling

• Source method
• Jackdaws
• Primary sources
• Led to list on page 41
• Problem when students used too many primary
  sources, they lost the big picture and connections

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History and Creation of Social Studies

• National Council for the Social Studies
• Created by the American Historical Association in
  1921
• History began to loose its central role.
• Historians rarely participate today

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History and the Social Studies Projects

• 1960s
• Jerome Bruner
• The Process of Education
• People began to doubt the need for history
• Was historical information important in a rapidly
  changing world?
• Many professors created innovative projects.
• Led to project-based learning in the social
  studies.
• MACOS
• Values education many called for students to
  decide on whether or not things were right or
  wrong.

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History and the Decision-Making Model

• Interdisciplinary
• Shirley Engle and Anna Ochoa
• History was a place to go for data but did not
  need to be studied by itself.
• Authors hate this one and outline their beliefs
  on pages 44-45.

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History on the Wane

• U. S. history is in most state constitutions.
• World history does not have such luck.
• Social studies also included
• Civics/government
• Economics
• World Geography
• Sociology
• Problems of Democracy
• By the 80s, world history was all but gone.

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History Returns

• Diane Ravitch
• Under-secretary of Education
• Wrote California Social Studies Curriculum
• Eliminated the Expanding Horizons philosophy
• Relied on work of Bruno Bettelheim
• Bradley Commission on History in Schools
• National Council for History Education
• Habits of mind, page 15
• A Nation at Risk
• GOALS 2000 funded history, not social studies

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Social Studies Defined

• Social studies includes history, but should not
  be dominated by it.
• History got funding, but NCATE chose the NCSS
  standards to mold accreditation.
• As states wrote standards they looked at both.
• Found history standards laborious found social
  studies as good organizers.
• States adopted the new Ravitch curriculum.
• Including Georgia

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History Makes a Revival Again

• Senator Robert Byrd
• American History Grants
• President Bush
• White House Forum on American History, Civics,
  and Service
• Eliminated funding from his budget
• Failed to change NCLB to include history or
  social studies

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Internal Disputes

• History wars
• Arguments for whose history should be taught
• Lynne Cheney
• Gary Nash
• Voted down in Congress
• Re-written, did not change much
• We are still using these.