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Carbohydrate processing gluconeogenesis pentose phospate pathway

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Hexose monophosphate pathway. Oxidative Part. Produces pentoses, NADPH. Nonoxidative. Balances 5,6-ose phosphates. Nonoxidative phase. Reshuffling of pentoses to ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Carbohydrate processing gluconeogenesis pentose phospate pathway


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Carbohydrate processing gluconeogenesis
pentose phospate pathway
S 2006 BIOC 3406 1-31-2006
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Fates of ingested polysaccharides
  • Glycogen or starch H2O ? oligosaccharides,
    dextrins, di- and trisaccharides
  • Dextrin n H2O ? n D-glucose (brush border)
  • Maltose H2O ? 2 D-glucose
  • Lactose H2O ? D-glucose D-galactose
  • Sucrose H2O ? D-glucose D-fructose
  • Trehalose H2O ? 2 D-glucose

mouth, upper GI
brush border
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Course of digestion
  • a-amylase breaks down glycogen/starch
  • salivary, pancreatic
  • Brush border enzymes break di- and
    tri-saccharides down to monosaccharides for
    absorption

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Mistake in your book
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Galactokinase Deficiency Galactosemia
(This would be a CHO in galactose)
Galactokinase deficiency leads to high galactose
concentrations and the presence of galactitol,
which causes cataracts
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Other galactosemias
  • Transferase deficiency
  • More serious than GKD Galactosemia
  • Poor growth
  • Speech problems
  • Mental retardation
  • Liver damage
  • Epimerase deficiency
  • Similar to transferase deficiency but less severe
    with control of galactose intake

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Anaerobic fates of pyruvate
  • Tied to fate of NADH formed in glycolysis
  • O2 should be acceptor of NADHs reducing
    equivalent, but if it is not
  • Pyruvate is fermented and NADH ? NAD H
  • Lactic acid fermentation
  • Ethanol fermentation

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This is resonance but is shown incorrectly. The
two forms do not have different structures
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Pyruvate ATP GTP HCO3- ? PEP ADP GDP
Pi CO2
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(This amounts to feedback inhibition)
AcSCoA
Note addition of CO2
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Followed by loss of CO2
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In the cytosol, NAD/NADH is high, but in
mitochondria NAD/NADH is low.
In cytosol
Important in large mammals (you)
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Note how much it costs to convert pyruvate to
glucose!
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Other paths to glucose
  • Citric acid cycle intermediates
  • Amino acids

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Pentose phosphate pathway
  • Various names
  • Pentose pathway
  • Phosphogluconate pathway
  • Hexose monophosphate pathway
  • Oxidative Part
  • Produces pentoses, NADPH
  • Nonoxidative
  • Balances 5,6-ose phosphates

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Nonoxidative phase
  • Reshuffling of pentoses to hexoses

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