Ch' 9 Muslim Civilization

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Ch. 9Muslim Civilization

• WH 3.7 and 3.8

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The Origins of Islam

• Preview
• Starting Points Map Arabia
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• The Arabian Peninsula
• Muhammad the Messenger
• Map Islam in Arabia
• Basic Ideas of Islam

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The Origins of Islam
Main Idea Muhammad, a merchant whom Muslims
believe was the last prophet, reported that he
received messages from God. The religion he
taughtIslamdrew many followers.

• Reading Focus
• What was Arabia like at the time of Muhammads
  birth?
• What were Muhammads messages, and how were they
  received?
• What are some basic ideas of Islam?

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The Arabian Peninsula
Arabia was sparsely populated 1,500 years ago.
Small bands of bedouins moved their herds between
scattered oases in the desert.
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Muhammad the Messenger
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The Revelations

• Messages
• Among many messages from angel, Muhammad reported
  Allah one and only true and all-powerful God
• Other messages, instructions on how to live to
  please Allah, live in paradise

• Public Preaching
• Muhammad originally told only wife, few friends
  about experiences
• Began to preach in public after about three
  years, attracted many followers
• Some powerful Meccans did not accept teachings

• Safety
• Many disliked Muhammads criticism of traditional
  beliefs in many gods
• Only protection of uncle kept him safe
• After uncles death Muhammad knew he and
  followers not safe in Mecca

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Sharing the Revelations

• Hegira
• 622, Muhammad moved to Yathrib, came to be called
  Medina, the Prophets City journey from Mecca
  to Medina came to be known as hegira
• Later Muslims marked year of hegira as first year
  of Islamic calendar

• Building Faith
• Muhammad spent decade building community of
  fellow believers
• Called faith Islam, meaning achieving peace
  through submission to God
• Followers known as Muslims

• Mecca
• People of Mecca who wanted Muhammad stopped did
  not give up
• Fought several battles with Muhammad, followers,
  ultimately lost ground
• 630, Muhammad controlled Mecca, influence
  unmatched

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Sequence What events led up to Muhammads taking
control of Mecca?
Answer(s) Muhammad moved to Medina, number of
followers grew Meccans fought him and his
followers but lost
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Basic Ideas of Islam

• As Muhammad gained political power, revelations
  continued
• Muhammad could not read, write recited
  revelations
• Followers memorized words, some wrote them down
• Writings Muslims believe as direct revelations
  from God collected in Quran, sacred test of Islam

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Five Pillars of Islam

• Profession of Faith
• There is no god but God
• By affirmation, Muslim signals acceptance of the
  faith
• Denies existence of other gods, accepts Muhammad
  as prophet

• Five Daily Prayers
• Worshippers say daily prayers five times during
  day
• Always face Mecca to pray, no matter where they
  are

• Giving Alms to Poor, Needy
• Muslims supposed to give percentage of income to
  charity
• Even those with little encouraged to help others

• Fasting During Ramadan
• Muslims required to go without food, drink, dawn
  to dusk
• Ramadan when Muhammad began to report messages
  written down in Quran

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Mecca

• Pilgrimage to Mecca
• Muslims physically, financially able required to
  go to Mecca
• Journey called the hajj
• Gather to pray in mosque
• Perform various rituals, walk seven times around
  Kaaba
• Climb Mount Arafat, site of Muhammads last sermon

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• Guidelines for Behavior
• Quran provides guidelines for moral behavior
• Muslims may not eat pork, drink alcohol, must
  wash before praying
• Quran prohibits murder, lying, stealing
• Requires jihad, to defend Muslim community, also
  means holy war

• Sunna and Sharia
• Record of Muhammads behavior, teachings known as
  Sunna, tradition, provides guidance in personal
  relationships, business
• Muslim legal system known as Sharia, reflects
  various rules by which Muslims should live,
  outlines method of reasoning, argument for legal
  cases, made up of opinions, writings over several
  centuries

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People of the Book

• Islam monotheistic like Jewish, Christian faiths
• Islamic beliefs
• Allah the same as God in Jewish, Christian
  traditions
• Abraham, Moses, Jesus messengers from God
• Muhammad, last of Gods prophets
• Quran represents Gods final message
• Muslims told to respect Jews, Christians as
  people of the book share tradition of prophets
  who taught, received Gods revelations

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Summarize What are the acts of worship required
of all Muslims?
Answer(s) The Five Pillars of Islamprofession
of faith, five daily prayers, giving of alms,
fasting during Ramadan, and the hajj
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The Spread of Islam

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Islam after Muhammads Death
• Map Spread of Islam
• The Umayyad Dynasty
• The Abbasid Dynasty
• The End of Unity
• Quick Facts The End of Unity

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The Spread of Islam
Main Idea After Muhammads death, Islam spread
beyond the Arabian Peninsula, shaping a major
empire within 100 years. While the empire
eventually broke into smaller parts, Islam
continued to spread.

• Reading Focus
• How did Islam evolve after Muhammads death?
• What were key events of the Umayyad dynasty?
• What changes occurred under the Abbasid dynasty?
• What led to the end of the caliphates unity?

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Islam after Muhammads Death
The death of Muhammad in 632 presented a
challenge for the Muslim community. Who would
lead the group and keep it unified? The answer
affected the faiths spread and its future.
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More Expansion

• More Expansion
• After Iraq, Persia, Arab army faced wealthy
  Byzantine Empire to west
• Byantines first lost Damascus, Syria, Jerusalem
• 639, Byzantine province of Egypt fell 642, rest
  of Nile Valley under Arab rule

• Empire
• Only 10 years after Muhammads death, followers
  had created empire
• Conquests continued under later caliphs
• 661, caliphate stretched from northern Africa in
  west to Persia in East

• Internal Conflict and Division
• Deep conflict within Muslim leadership, began
  with choice of Abu Bakr, caliph
• Some had supported Muhammads cousin, Ali
• 644, Ali lost again, to Uthman, supported by
  powerful Mecca clan Umayyad

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Civil War
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The Shia and Imams

• Shia believed God had specially blessed Alis
  descendants
• Alis descendants, Muhammads true heirs
• Shia called each of Alis successors imam
• Imam means leader
• For the shia, only imams can interpret the Quran.

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• Conflict
• Conflict deepened between Sunni, Shia after
  deaths of Muawiya, Ali
• Many thought Yazid, Muawiyas son, successor,
  not a good Muslim
• Muhammads grandson, Husayn, led rebellion
  against Yazid
• Husayn, forces defeated in battle at Karbala, Iraq

• Further Division
• Husayn killed while holding infant son, battle
  became known as the martyrdom of Husayn split
  between Sunni, Shia has remained bitter
• Third group developed within Islamthe Sufis
• Sufis seek mystical, personal connection with
  God, using range of practices including breath
  control and meditation in rituals

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Find the Main Idea What was the result of the
succession conflict?
Answer(s) Two different Muslim groups
emergedthe Sunni and the Shia
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The Umayyad Dynasty
Under the Umayyad caliphs, Muslim rule spread.
Internal problems weakened the Umayyads, though,
and led to their fall.
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Ruling the Empire

• Umayyads strengthened central government as
  caliphate grew in size
• Arab Muslims became ruling class, with power,
  privilege unavailable to those they conquered
• Creation of privileged class conflicted with
  strong Muslim ideal of equality
• Wars over succession also upsetting to many
  faithful, unhappy with emphasis on political
  ambition

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Sequence What events brought about the end of
the Umayyad dynasty?
Answer(s) A family called the Abbasids took
advantage of discontent with the Umayyads and
established a new caliphate.
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The Abbasid Dynasty

• Baghdad
• Abbasids relocated capital of caliphate rulers
  lived in splendor
• Chose Baghdad, on Tigris River, in present-day
  Iraq

• Persian Influence
• Move to Baghdad beginning of end of Arab
  domination of Muslim world
• Abbasids adopted Persian style of government

• Government
• Rulers cut off from people
• Caliph hidden behind screen in throne room, could
  not be seen
• Used Persian officials vizier, deputy, oversaw
  affairs of state

• Change in Islam
• Nature of Islam changed
• Abbasids invited all to join in, turned Islam
  into universal religion, attracted people of many
  cultures

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A Changing Culture
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Contrast How did the Abbasids differ from the
Umayyads?
Answer(s) The Abbasids focused more on
prosperity and cultural advancement than on
empire expansion.
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The End of Unity
As early as the 800s, Abbasid political power
weakened. By the 900s, a number of small,
independent states broke away from the caliphate.

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Seljuk Turks and Others

• Seljuk Turks
• Many non-Arabs among peoples of caliphate,
  including Turks
• 1055, Turkish Seljuks rose to power, took control
  of Baghdad
• Seljuks were Sunni Muslims, supported Abbasid
  caliph

• War Against Byzantine Empire
• Seljuks defended Abbasids against Fatimids, went
  to war against Byzantine Empire, defeated
  Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert
• Seljuks would go on to create own empire

• Mamluks and Mongols
• 1200s, Mamluks took power in Egypt, Syria
• 1258, Mongols destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid
  caliph caliphate finished
• Islam still a vital force, spread to India,
  Central and Southeast Asia

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Summarize What forces ended the unity of the
caliphate?
Answer(s) Abbasids lost political power when
small independent states broke away.
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Society and Culture

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Muslim Society
• Muslim Scholarship
• Faces of History al-Khwarizmi
• Arts and Literature
• Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
• Video The Impact of Islam throughout the World

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Society and Culture
Main Idea For the first Muslims, Islam was more
than a religion. It was a guide to political,
social and cultural life. The early Muslims
responded with spectacular achievement in many
fields.

• Reading Focus
• What were some key features of Muslim society?
• What were some of the accomplishments of Muslim
  scholarship?
• What were some of the contributions to the arts
  made by Muslim artists?

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Muslim Society
Islam affected almost all aspects of daily life,
providing guidance on how Muslims should deal
with many issues.
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• Slavery
• Islamic texts also addressed slavery, common in
  Muslim Empire
• Quran did not condemn slavery, required slaves
  be treated fairly
• Freeing slaves praised as religious act
• Treatment of slaves improved, but remained part
  of society, economy

• Economy
• Economic life of Muslim community built largely
  on commerce
• Merchants followed trade routes east, west across
  Arabian Peninsula
• Traders developed practical business methods,
  spread use of coinage, standardized weights,
  measures, extended credit
• Trade provided much of wealth to maintain empire,
  spread faith

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Identify What are three aspects of life that are
addressed in Islamic texts?
Answer(s) family life, slavery, and trade
relationships
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Muslim Scholarship
Learning added to Muslim cultural unity. Scholars
made essential contributions in several fields.
Many later European intellectual achievements
grew out of the work of Muslim scholars.
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Valuable Contributions
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Astronomy

• Discoveries
• Muslim scholars explored astronomy, some stars
  still bear names given by Muslim discoverers
• Astronomy came to Muslim world through texts from
  Persia, India

• Almagest
• Most important influence on astronomy, Ptolemys
  work, first translated into Arabic 800s
• Described movements of heavenly bodies, gave
  tables for predicting paths

• Astronomers
• Muslim astronomers built observatories helped
  create calendar still in use
• Muslims needed to predict phases of moon to plan
  religious festivals
• Perfected astrolabe, used in navigation to plot
  positions of stars, planets

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Mathematics

• Muslims also made advances in mathematics
• From India, adopted symbols 0 through 9
• Making its way to Europe, this system became
  known as Arabic numerals
• Algebra and trigonometry also came from Muslim
  thinkers

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Medicine and Beyond

• Medicine highly developed in the Muslim world
• Doctors in Baghdad had to pass rigorous tests in
  order to practice
• Baghdad had worlds first school of pharmacy
• Muslim doctors developed many skills, including
  eye surgery
• Scores of different instruments invented,
  perfected
• Ibn Sina most well-known medical scholar of time

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Summarize What were some of the fields in which
Muslim scholars excelled?
Answer(s) astronomy, medicine, mathematics,
philosophy, history
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Arts and Literature

• Artistic Expression
• Like scholarly life, Muslim artistic expression
  rich, varied
• Developed distinctive features, influenced by
  many cultures in vast empire

• Islamic Art
• Muslim artists worked in range of materials,
  wood, metal, ceramics, textiles
• Religious art does not contain human, animal
  figures

• Idolatry
• Believed portraying people, animals could tempt
  worship
• Worshipping anyone, anything besides Allah the
  worst possible sin

• Patterns, Designs
• Avoidance of figures led to use of geometric
  patterns, floral designs
• Intricate design known as an arabesque

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Calligraphy

• Another distinctive feature of Islamic art,
  calligraphybeautifully styled writing
• Artists who produced copies of Quran sought
  perfection in reproduction of word of Allah
• Artful representation of words became central
  part of Islamic art
• Calligraphy appears on walls of mosques, adorns
  many household objects

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Muslim Architecture

• Architecture in Muslim world also developed
  distinctive features
• Several forms, plans for building mosques
  developed
• All have features in common
• Minarets, tall towers from which faithful called
  to prayer
• Domes
• Some show Persian, Turkish influence in designs

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Literature

• Quran
• Most significant written work in Islam is Quran
  itself
• Clear style, message have won millions of
  converts to the faith
• Influenced later development of Arabic language

• Nonreligious works
• Arabian Nights tells how beautiful young woman
  saved herself and other women from murderous
  caliph
• The tales were collected over time, include
  contributions from many countries

• Poets
• Produced works in several different languages
• Jalal ad-Din Rumis Persian language poems of
  1200s still recited today
• Omar Khayyams The Rubaiyat celebrates simple
  pleasures

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Identify Supporting Details What are some
features that identify Islamic art?
Answer(s) use of geometric patterns and floral
designs, calligraphy
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VideoThe Impact of Islam throughout the World
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