Integrated Urban Waste Management Model IUWMM

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Integrated Urban Waste Management Model (IUWMM)

• Best practices presentation 14
• Strategic planning models

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Overview

• Best Practice Proposal n. 14
• Title Environmental evaluation of WM facilities
• Location Canada, Montréal
• Date 2000-2005
• IUWMM Partner Proponent DEIS- University of
  Bologna
• Responsible GERAD, Montréal, Québec, Canada
  Department de Geographie, Université du Québec à
  Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Practice Summary

• Introduction
• Waste Problem Main Issues
• Solution approach
• Implementation
• Performance measures and results
• References

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1. Introduction

• Today solid waste management has become a serious
  concern for industrialized societies.
• The problem becomes more complex since
  environmental assessment tools are usually
  inappropriate.
• This practice concerns the development and
  application of a sophisticated mixed integer
  linear programming model (EUGÈNE) to help
  regional decision makers on long-term planning
  for solid waste management activities.
• The model has been validated with the data of the
  City of Montreal, and was first experimented,
  aiming at minimizing the total system cost.

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2. Main issues

• The waste amount is continuously increasing,
  landfills are saturated and their expansion is
  often impossible.
• Authorities must react and try to reduce waste
  generation and disposal by implementing recycling
  programs and new facilities.
• Waste management facilities location has,
  however, become more conflict-ridden and the
  decision is usually met with considerable local
  opposition (Armour, 1991).
• NIMBY not in my back yard syndrome,
• BANANAbuild absolutely nothing anywhere near
  anything,
• NOTEnot over there either

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3. Solution approach

• In this practice a waste management model was
  used to support the decision regarding the
  integrated solid waste management.
• The model allows to evaluate different scenarios
  considering a large quantity of variables and
  constraints.
• The method used to embed waste management
  environmental parameters in the EUGÈNE model
  consists in building global impact index (GII)
  for all site/facility combinations.
• First, an environmental and spatial evaluation of
  waste management facilities over sites is based
  on qualitative and quantitative criteria
  measuring biophysical and social impacts. Spatial
  analysis is carried out by geographical
  information system routines.
• Then, a multicriteria analysis ranks all
  site/facility combinations, according to their
  global performance based on all criteria. The
  net flow, computed by the PROMETHEE multicriteria
  outranking method, is considered as a GII to be
  embedded into EUGÈNE. The model objective
  function is thus modified to minimize total
  system cost and GII.

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3. Solution approach

• EUGÈNE is a mixed integer linear programming
  model developed to help regional decision makers
  on long-term planning for solid waste management
  activities.
• The model contains a large quantity of criteria,
  variables and constraints. It allows the user to
  take into account all aspects of the planning
  problem for a period of 20 years (4 periods of 5
  years).
• Fig. 1 is a simple case illustration of the
  municipal solid waste system schematic network
  handled by EUGÈNE. The model works with four
  types of nodes and two types of flows.
• The four types of nodes are associated with the
  waste-generating sources, the processing
  locations, the landfill sites and the markets.
  These nodes are linked together using aggregated
  and disaggregated flows.

Fig. 1 Schematic network of the system handled by
EUGÈNE.

• Aggregated flows are those leaving the source
  nodes and are sent to the various processing,
  landfill and market locations. They are
  associated with waste, recyclable and organic
  collections. Disaggregated flows are leaving from
  the processing and landfill locations towards
  markets, other processing or landfill locations.

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3. Solution approach

• The problem addressed by EUGÈNE can be stated as
  follows.
• The model needs input data on the locations of
  generating sources, the generation of each type
  of waste from each source, the various types of
  waste, recyclable and organic collections, the
  combinations of collections allowed for each
  source, a group of existing or potential sites
  where facilities can be located, a group of
  processing and landfill facilities, a group of
  markets for the recovered materials, a group of
  distances between sources, locations and markets
  and time frames.
• Given these inputs, EUGÈNE determines for each
  time period the combination of collections at
  each source, a schedule for capacity addition of
  processing and landfill facilities, the
  allocation, of collections from each source to
  sites and markets, the annual activity of each
  facility and the allocation of materials
  generated at each site to their final
  destinations like land fills or markets.
• All the processing and landfill facilities that
  appeal in this model involve a capital cost to
  set them up, a fixed cost for each year of
  operation and variable operation costs depending
  upon waste throughput (Berger et al.,1998).
• The main objective function of the model is to
  minimize the total system cost, but it is also
  possible to minimize the quantity of waste buried
  and the environmental impacts by imposing
  constraints on the GII.

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4. Implementation

• The City of Montreal was planning on establishing
  new waste management facilities over its
  territory in order to achieve the provincial
  recovery rate target and to replace the existing
  facilities, which will be soon closed down for
  saturation or aging reasons.
• Territory exiguity and high density of population
  constituted the main characteristics for many
  cities like Montreal and make the problematic
  very complex.
• A research team from GERAD has elaborated a waste
  management model (Berger et al.,1997, 1998) to
  develop a decision support system for integrated
  solid waste management.
• The EUGÈNE model has been validated with the
  data of the City of Montreal, and was first
  experimented, aiming at minimizing the total
  system cost.

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4. Implementation

• In the City of Montreal, waste that is disposed
  of on the street by households and collected by
  public work services.
• The waste generation rate is approximately 365900
  t/yr and comes from households of the ordinary
  residents, light industry, commercial and urban,
  park areas. The green bag has been segmented into
  23 types of materials. There are 10 types of
  collection modes for waste, recyclable and
  organic materials (for example papers and
  paperboards, leaves , grass, etc.) and 17
  possible combinations of collections.
• There are also many ways to process waste,
  however, only the most appropriate to the
  Montreal context has been considered. There are
  facilities for sorting, composting, MSW
  composting, incineration and burying. Each
  facility may be characterized by many operating
  modes, according to the type and the proportion
  of materials accepted. This allows the user to
  consider a specialized facility like a landfill
  site for ashes or a very flexible facility like a
  composting center where many composting recipes
  are possible.

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4. Implementation

• Using a base case scenario without constraints,
  different scenarios have been elaborated
  according to the Ministry of Environment target,
  which is an increase of the recovery rate.
• Five scenarios have been developed by adding a
  constraint on landfill activities and considering
  different recovery rate for organic and
  recyclable materials.
• Base case, without constraint
• Constraint 1 Organic materials are banned from
  landfills and the recovery rate is of 40.
• Constraint 2 Organic materials are banned from
  landfills and the recovery rate is of 60.
• Constraint 3 Organics and recyclables are banned
  from landfills and the recovery rate is of 60.
• Constraint 4 Organic materials are banned from
  landfills, the recovery rate is of 40 and the
  landfill is closed.
• Constraint 5 All materials are banned from
  landfills except ashes and the recovery rate is
  40.
• For each scenario, additional environmental
  constraints have been imposed.

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5. Performance measures and results

• Starting from the GII of all site/facility
  combinations selected, EUGENE computes the
  cumulated impacts of the solution.
• From, this value, progressive thresholds,
  corresponding to lower levels of cumulated
  impacts, have been imposed. With this procedure,
  economic solutions as well as environment
  friendly solutions are obtained.
• In the analysis many scenarios have been
  elaborated to determine the combination of
  collections at each source, the allocation of
  different facilities on potential sites and the
  total system cost.
• The results have been obtained by considering
  only technical and economic criteria over 2
  periods of 5 years.
• However, the addition of waste management
  environmental parameters is essential to make
  appropriate recommendations with respect tom
  sustainable development.

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5. Performance measures and results

• Economic solutions
• The solution chosen for the base case scenario
  consists of sorting recyclables (55.869 t/yr),
  composting papers and paperboards discarded from
  sorting (16.398 t/yr) and other landfill waste
  (581 446 m3/yr). The model prefers the CESM site
  for all types of activities, because of its
  central location from generation sources and of
  its capital cost free. The cumulated, impact
  value is -4.3. The solution chosen for the base
  case and the scenarios with constraints on
  landfill are illustrated in Fig. 2

Fig. 2 Solutions chosen for scenarios with
constraints on landfill.
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5. Performance measures and results

• Ecological solutions
• Based on solution obtained for scenario with
  constraint 1 (organic materials banned from
  landfills and a recovery rate of 40) progressive
  thresholds have been imposed on cumulated impact
  value (-7.6).
• The evolution of these solutions for scenario
  with constraint 1 and progressive thresholds are
  illustrated in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 Solutions chosen for scenario with
constraint 1 and progressive thresholds.
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5. Performance measures and results

• The EUGENE model represents an useful tool to
  support the scientific and politic decision
  regarding the waste management.
• It allows to evaluate different scenarios
  considering a lot of parameters.
• Technical optimization of the waste flow.
• Environmental evaluation of waste management
  system based on the environmental parameters.
• Financial / Economic decrease of the operational
  cost, evaluation of the different scenario.

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6. References

• Kathleen Vaillancourt, Jean-Philippe Waaub.
  Environmental site evaluation of waste management
  facilities embedded into EUGEENE model A
  multicriteria approach. European Journal of
  Operational Research 139 (2002) 436448