Bioenergy Pathways

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Bioenergy Pathways

Co-firing
Electricity
Lignocellulosic Crops or Residues
Direct Combustion
Advanced Turbine
SNG DME H2 Fischer Tropsch Liquids Mixed
Alcohols Methanol MTG Ethanol Chemicals
Gasification
Fuel Cells

Hydrolysis
Bioprocess
Marketplace
Resource
Transformation
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Combustion
Gasifier
Turbine
Gas
Clean-up
HRSG
Steam
Gasification Combined Cycle
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Bioenergy
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Current biomass power industry
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Biomass Feedstocks
Wood Residues
Agricultural Residues
Energy Crops
Sawdust Wood chips Wood waste pallets crate
discards wood yard trimmings
Corn stover Rice hulls Sugarcane bagasse Animal
waste
Hybrid poplar Switchgrass Willow
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Variation in Biomass Feedstocks
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Alkali Metals In Biomass
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U.S. Renewable Energy Resources
Wind
Solar
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Megajoules/m
6.0-6.5 m/s
13.4-14.6 mph
6.5-70 m/s
14.6-15.7 mph
gt7.0 m/s
15.7 mph
Biomass
Geothermal
Agricultural resources
residues
Wood resources
and residues
Agricultural and
wood residues
Low inventory
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Biomass Supply Curve 99
Ornl99t.cdr
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The California Experience
Overexploitation of
the commons
So4 Cliff
Forest Industry
Crisis
De-regulation
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Feedstock Supply

• Cost and Sustainability are the key
• Landfill Diversion Cost Shifting Needed
• Major new resource in Western Forest Fire
  Mitigation
• Extremely large CAFO issue
• New standards to solve N P problem
• No longer just C, but N mineralization, P removal
• Large potential - Chicken/Swine/Dairy

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Biogas Characteristics

• Composition Vol (Digestor/LFG)
• CH4 (50 - 80) /(45 - 55)
• CO2 (15 - 45) /(30 - 45)
• H2O 5
• Contaminants H2S, NH3, (solvents such as benzene,
  toluene, chlorinated)
• Fuel and Flame Characteristics
• HHV 20 MJ Nm-3
• flame speed 25 cm s-1, LEL 5 - 6 in air

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Applications

• Sanitary water treatment
• municipal sewage treatment
• MSW in Landfill
• Industrial Waste Waters
• Distilleries, breweries
• Pharmaceutical production
• Agriculture and Food Production
• CAFO Concentrated Animal Feed Operations
• Food processing

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Sanitary Applications

• Sewage Sludge Digestion
• Follows aerobic treatment - biomass produced
• Sludge stabilization and volume reduction
• Biogas used for CHP 200 kW to MW scale
• Internal power and heat substitution
• Technology
• Mainly CSTR

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Industrial Waste Water

• Anaerobic Pretreatment
• mainly water solubles prior to tertiary treatment
• Breweries, Distilleries, Food processing,
  Pharmaceuticals
• 70 - 80 Percent COD reduction
• CHP for internal application
• Technology
• High rate technology - Thermophillic
• UASB, and fixed film reactors

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The Past and Present of Biogas from Farms

• 3 Waves of activity
• First Wave 1980s
• failure
• Second Wave to 1996
• mixed success units still running
• Third Wave to Present
• chp, environmental credits, and scale
• winning formula?

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LFG - from Sanitary Landfill
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LFG-Composition with timePhase IV 30 years
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LFG - declines with time
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Small Modular Biopower Initiative USDOE Biopower
Program
Stirling Engine Residential
Gasification - ICE Village Power
Gasification-ST Mini-grid
Gasification - ICE Village Power
Micro-turbine LFG, Grid
Phase 2 Prototype Projects
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Carbona Project Lemvig, Denmark
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FlexEnergy Project
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External Power
Dual-engine prototype, operating on pellets
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Biomass Co-Fire with Coal
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Biomass Combustion Technologies

• Emissions Profiles
• Air Toxics
• CO, NOx
• GHG
• CO2 Offsets
• LULUCF
• CH4 offset

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5 MWh (heat)
gt 11 tonne
HEAT
FLUE GAS
N
2
O
2
HO
1 tonne
2
CO
2
FUEL
NO
x
C
SO
x
Combustion
H
O
PIC
(Products of partial combustion)
N
O
AIR
S
2
N
Metals
Ash, Dust
2
(Oxidant)
gt 10 tonne
Gas 01
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Ever Tighter Emissions Controls

• Mainly focused on "criteria" air pollutants
• sulfur dioxide (SO2)
• carbon monoxide (CO)
• nitrogen oxides (NOx)
• ozone (O3)
• particulate matter
• Best Available Technology?
• Natural Gas Combined Cycle

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1 MWh (heat)
2 - 3 tonne
HEAT
FUEL GAS
NHO , CO
2 , 22
CHHCO
4 ,2 ,
4 MWh
1 tonne
Chemical Energy
FUEL
C
Gasification
H
O
N
Ash, Dust, Metals
O
AIR
S
Sulfur Recovery as S
2
N
Metals
Cl recovery as HCl
2
(Gasifying Agent)
N recovery as Nh
3
gt 1.5 tonne
Gas02
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Climate Change Implication
Carbon neutral
Requires high efficiency
for fossil carbon offset
Residue Utilization
Environmental Benefit
Low cost resource
Liquid Fuels
Pulp and paper
Pollution mitigation
F-T Liquids Ethanol production
Modernization
NG extension and oil offset
Landfill avoidance
Gasification
Technologies
Distributed Generation and
Co-fire and reburn in coal
Village Power Apps
fired boilers - adds capacity
Meets Efficiency and Cost
Many Prime Movers
Criteria at Multiple Devpt. Scales
ICE, Gas Turbine, Fuel Cell
Several US Developers
IGCC - CHP maximum
Strong Foreign Competition
electricity displacement
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Current Biomass Gasification Prospects

• Village Power and Distributed Generation
• Large Scale in Biomass Industries and Urban
  Residues Management
• Pulp and Paper, Sugarcane processing
• Black liquor and biomass at 20 - 75 MW scale
• 8 GW potential in capital replacement scenario
• Urban residues major resource
• CAFO and biogasification

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Biomass and Bioenergy Project Requirements
Energy Markets
High
Long term
Capacity Factor
Agreements
High Availability
Competitive
Prices
Success
Renewable
Competitive
Investment Cost
Feedstock Supply
Conversion
Environment
Economic
Technology
Social
Sustainable Resource
Technically Proven
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Resources - I

• Only renewable without predictive models
• Crop - Land USDA models
• new crop introduction issues
• Forest/Agriculture Crop Residues
• environmental assessment
• county/region forecasting
• Processing Residues
• economic cycles
• Urban Residues
• 3-R (reduce, reuse, recycle) conflict
• County level prediction/data bases

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Resources - II

• Understanding Economic - Financial Issues
• Commodity Price Trend Management
• 1996 Corn - Ethanol - 60 capacity shuttered
• Prediction of effect of policy changes e.g.
• Spotted owl impact on forestry in NW
• 3 R rules with respect to Urban residues
• Spot Market and Futures creation
• No long term contracts as required by banks
  during PURPA establishment.
• Regional Broker/Residue clearing house models?

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Green-ness

• Regulatory Barriers
• New Source Review (co-firing)
• EPA Project eXcellence and Leadership
• Life Cycle Impact Analysis
• green, or renewable, or environmentally
  preferable?
• Fossil C offset or LULUCF
• Carbon credits (futures already exist)
• Value of bioenergy as recycling?

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Incentives

• What Worked and Why?
• PURPA
• Multi-GW created
• Tax Credits
• Section 29
• Foundation of LFG expansion
• Section 45 (REPI)
• Never really taken up

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Bottom Line

• Bioenergy - Biopower - Biofuels
• Intersection of
• Energy
• Agriculture
• Forestry
• Environment
• Regional/Municipal Residue Management
• What are the interactions that are Important?
• How can they be modeled?