Shoshone Paiute Tribes

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Shoshone Paiute Tribes
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The Duck Valley Indian Reservation

• Approximately 289,820 tribally-owned acres (452
  square miles) equally straddling the Idaho/Nevada
  border
• High Desert elevation 5,300-9,000 feet
• Approximately 1,800 enrolled Tribal members
• Our department currently employs 4 full time
  staff and 12 seasonal staff, all Tribal except
  for 2 biologists
• Livestock ranching agriculture are primary
  economic resources and sources of employment

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Current Land Uses

• Ranching Most areas that are accessible to
  livestock are grazed
• Flood Irrigated Agriculture 13,000 acres along
  river and streams
• Recreation

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Predominant Habitat Types

• Sagebrush Steppe
• Wetlands (Emergent Marsh)
• Riparian
• On the DVIR, riparian ecosystems are particularly
  important areas in terms of the diversity of
  sensitive species supported. Even more
  important, sagebrush-steppe habitats in direct
  juxtaposition to dense concentrations of riparian
  habitats are uncommon anywhere, and this rare,
  vital habitat sustains several rare and sensitive
  species, making the effort to conserve these
  habitats essential.

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Lotic Water

• Over 200 natural springs
• 350 miles of waterways, which are major
  tributaries to the Bruneau and Jarbidge Rivers
  and the South and East Forks of the Owyhee River
• 200 miles of intermittent streams being degraded
  by livestock proposed grazing ordinance failed
  approval by Tribal Council and livestock owners
• The East Fork Owyhee is the major drainage of the
  Reservation this river is also the major source
  of water for ranching and recharge of the
  wetlands

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Duck Valley itself is located in the geographic
center of the Reservation and extends 9 miles
wide in a north-south direction over 20 miles.
The related slow-flowing East Fork of the Owyhee
River travels the valley from the southeast to
the northwest.
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East Fork Canyon
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Lentic Water

• Three human-made lakes stocked with rainbow trout
  
• Numerous small reservoirs/stock ponds
• Approx. 5,440 acres of wetlands in the central
  valley, over 640 acres of wetlands in the eastern
  highlands
• Important wetland complex designated Priority
  Conservation Site by The Nature Conservancy

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Protected Areas
Research Natural Areas Wilderness Study
Areas Wild and Scenic Rivers Areas of Critical
Environmental Concern Nature Conservancy Priority
Conservation Sites
Duck Valley Indian Reservation
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• Habitat fragmentation, degradation and loss due
  to
• Grazing
• Irrigation
• Road construction and maintenance
• Historic mining
• Destruction of biological crusts
• Loss of herbaceous understory in sagebrush steppe
  habitat and encroaching exotics

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Habitat Needs

• Enhance, create, and/or restore habitats and
  protect from livestock, road, and mining impacts.
  
• Establish techniques, surveys, and programs to
  assess the health, abundance, distribution and
  trend of fish, wildlife, habitat, and overall
  biodiversity.

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Habitat needs continued

• Acquire lands for improved habitat protection,
  restoration, and connectivity.
• Develop GIS/data repository for fish and wildlife
  information.
• Develop seed bank of native forbs, grass and
  shrub species for restoration/reseeding of
  sagebrush-steppe habitat.

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Habitat Enhancement and Protection

• Shoshone Paiute Tribes
• Habitat, Parks, Fish and Game
• Project 1997-011-00

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Emerging Issues

• Excessive Administrative Tasks in 02-03 budget
  modifications took 3 months to pass through COTR
  time spent resulted in lost opportunities for
  developing work plan for full staff field season
  also resulted in unanticipated burden on indirect
  staff.
• BPA delays in contracting resulted in loss of
  FY02 funds
• Difficult to develop comprehensive, intensive
  sampling plan for enhancements, as many are over
  5 hours drive from office.

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Continued.

• YSI meter was broken for several months.
• Wet weather for the start of 03 field season
  (wettest April in 30 years!) has precluded
  driving to less accessible sites and has slowed
  projects further.
• Departure of previous biologist resulted in lost
  and disorganized data.

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Habitat Enhancement

• GOALS
• 1. Identify and protect spawning areas in streams
  and enhance and protect river and stream habitat
• 2. Protect and/or enhance natural springs
• 3. Collect water quality and range data
• 4. Outreach and education

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Springs, Streams, and Reservoirs/Riparian Areas
Protected 2001-2003

• Abandoned Gun (fence)
• Bell Creek Headwaters (fence and trough)
• Billy Shaw Creek (partial fence)
• Circle Creek Reservoir (fence and trough)
• Headwaters of Miller Creek (fence)
• Jones Creek (2 road crossings) Jones Flat
  Springs
• Little Sheep Creek (2 road crossings)
• Lambs Reservoir 8 stock ponds to the west of
  Lake Billy Shaw
• No-Name Reservoir (fence 5 acres and trough)

• N. Fork Skull Creek (fence spawning areas)
• Parker Spring
• Red Cabin
• Reed Creek Reed Cr. Springs
• Rye Grass
• Skull Creek Spring (flex culvert)
• Spring Creek (flex culvert and trough)
• Sugar Loaf
• Summit Creek (fence riparian area)
• Three Stooges
• Thacker Springs

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Objective 1 Identify and protect spawning areas
in streams enhance and protect river and stream
habitat

• Strategy Increase survival of native trout
  increase stability of stream banks increase
  water quality

• Deliverables from 2001-August 2002 Actions

• 37 streams/headwaters inventoried
• 15 streams evaluated for spawning habitat and
  spawning habitat potential
• (based on water quality, substrate composition,
  woody debris, organic debris, sediment
  entrainment, bank shape, channel shape, riparian
  condition, presence of fish barriers, plant
  types, algae presence, water odor and
  appearance).
• 10 streams had Redband trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss
  gairdneri) 9 streams with documented spawning

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Streams Supporting Redband Trout
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• 01-02 Deliverables contd
• 3 small reservoirs enhanced
• Stream enhancements installed
• (for example, Miller Creek exclusion fence
  started in August 2001 and completed in October
  constructed using 256 steel posts, 16 rolls of
  barbed wire, 55 cedar posts, and large quantities
  of scrap wood for the 11 rock jacks built)
• Beaver relocations from irrigation delivery
  systems on valley floor to higher elevation
  streams
• Limited GPS coordinates recorded

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Expectations for September 2002-August 2003

• We have already coordinated with the
  Environmental Engineer of the Tribal
  Environmental Protection Program (TEPP) in the
  restoration of Skull Creek and the North Fork of
  Skull Creek (Redband trout habitat and spawning
  habitat).

Relocated stream meander in winter months
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North Fork of Skull Creek (6/27/01)
0.06 fish/m2
Water Quality Temp 13.7o C Cond. 122.3 uS D.O.
6.62 mg/l
L 259 m Avg. W 2.06 m
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• Unimproved Roads
• Unimproved backcountry dirt roads on the DVIR
  provide access to more than 2/3 of the
  Reservations acreage.
• The eastern third of the Reservation rises to a
  high plateau 3,000 feet above the valley floor,
  and several of the roads, like the Skull Creek
  and North Fork of Skull Creek roads, follow
  creeks as they rise to the plateau, resulting in
  undeveloped stream crossings, and roads
  constructed in or adjacent to the streams
  floodplain, causing erosion and high sediment
  loads and hydrocarbon pollution in the streams.

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• Skull Creek road is the primary southern access
  to the eastern plateau area and crosses Skull
  Creek five times and remains within fifty feet of
  the streams floodplain for most of its length.
• The North Fork Skull Creek road crosses the creek
  one time.
• Of the six crossings, four are unimproved
  (vehicles enter the creek during crossing and no
  crossing structure exists).
• Three of the four unimproved crossings were
  project areas.

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Skull Creek Priority Crossings
Aerial Photo Map
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• Problems
• At each of the 3 crossings addressed, the creek
  flowed down the road for 90, 100, and 80 feet
  respectively. Vehicles crossing the creek would
  remain in the creek for this length.
• Common erosion channels travel down the roads
  forming six to twelve-inch ruts, and leave the
  road forming a small gulley, contributing an
  unnatural sediment load in the creeks.
• The creeks undercut the roads in other places,
  also causing unnatural sediment loads.

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• Strategy
• Reduce nonpoint source pollution such as sediment
  loading from unimproved backcountry roads and
  vehicular pollution associated with water contact
  with automobiles during stream crossings.

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• Actions
• Installation of twelve cross drain/drainage dips
• Improvement of three stream crossings
• one Geoweb based engineered stream crossing
• one stream meander relocation
• installation of two drivable bankfull dams
• one stream crossing relocation
• Work required three laborers, one road inspector,
  Environmental Engineer, one backhoe, one dump
  truck, one bulldozer and miscellaneous equipment.
  
• Primary materials for the project were gravel,
  local alluvial fill, Geoweb and Geotextile for
  the engineered crossing, erosion control
  blankets, straw bales and miscellaneous items.

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Geoweb
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Drainage Dip
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Sediment Trapping
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Geo-jute
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North Fork of Skull Creek Crossing 1(after)
From an 80ft. to a 15 ft. crossing reclaimed old
road area grass and willow transplanting
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03 Spring Stubble Height
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Transplanted Willow
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May 03 Growth on Transplanted Willow
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Before
After
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Before
After
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Skull Creek Crossing 1 before improvement
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200 feet upstream of Skull Creek Crossing 1
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Schematic Depiction Crossing 1
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Skull Creek Crossing 1 Completed Project
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Skull Creek Crossing 1
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Skull Creek Crossing 1
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Skull Creek Crossing 1
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• Project assessment
• Proper functioning of the project cannot be
  assessed until after spring high water flow.
• Monitoring and maintenance of the project will
  occur over the next three years and the majority
  of conclusions and recommendations will be drawn
  from the monitoring results.

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References and Consultation

• Geomorphic characterization and stream state
  conditions Applied River Morphology text by Dave
  Rosgen and Rosgen course material EPA Rapid
  bioassessment protocol (1998).
• Native planting restoration and bioengineering
  techniques The Riparian Zone Ecology Management
  and Restoration Workshop Handbook Soil
  Bioengineering Field Book Riparian Ecology and
  Restoration Notebook by Chris Hoag and Jon Fripp
  (and personal communication).
• Engineering and design specs Rick Poore,
  Director of Stream-Wise USFS Roads Division,
  Elko district office.
• Site inspection Don Jankowsky, former road
  inspector for the Boise National Forest.

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Owyhee River Restoration

• In cooperation with TEPP and Confluence
  Consulting, Inc., we will be developing
  conceptual bank stabilization designs for a 3.5
  mile reach of the Owyhee River.
• The primary objectives of the project are to
  reduce sediment contributions caused by unstable
  geomorphic conditions, increase riparian
  vegetation to improve shade conditions, lower
  water temperatures, and improve fish habitat.

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Bank Erosion on the East Fork of the Owyhee
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Manure in Sediments of the E.F. Owyhee
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Bank Erosion and Cutting along E.F. Owyhee
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Assessment Phase

• Assessment will occur during the present
  performance period actual restoration activities
  will occur in the fall of 2003.
• Confluence will provide oversight, guidance, and
  training for our staff at no cost to our
  department (staff has already attended a
  Bioengineering workshop with Chris Hoag and Jon
  Fripp in April 03).
• The data collection effort will be broken into
  two components a geomorphic/channel survey and
  a riparian survey.

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Geomorphic /Channel Survey

• Assessment of geomorphic stability based
  primarily on field indicators of sediment
  transport conditions including
• substrate consolidation and composition
• bank failure mechanisms and erosion extent
• bar development
• depositional patterns
• width/depth ratio, channel pattern, and bank
  slope

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• Where areas are identified as geomorphically
  unstable, the driving forces for sediment
  transport imbalance will be determined and each
  causal factor will be identified as either a
  site-specific or systemic impact.
• Unstable areas will be described with respect to
  rates and trends toward natural recovery to an
  equilibrium state.
• Rosgen Level I and II stream typing will be
  applied to the results of the survey to describe
  general channel form for each reach.

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• We will then characterize areas (or subreaches)
  that we identify as candidates for restoration in
  the field in terms of channel dimensions, channel
  cross-section and floodplain dimensions, radii of
  curvature, meander wavelengths, and perimeter
  materials.
• We will map and GPS-locate infrastructure
  elements and channel modifications (i.e. profile
  discontinuities, bedrock controls, significant
  bankline erosion sites, major sediment sources,
  diversion structures, and revetments).

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Riparian Survey

• Riparian survey will assess conditions and the
  functional capability of the riparian areas.
• A hybrid methodology will be developed combining
  numerous existing riparian resource methodologies
  such as
• Classification and Management of Montana Riparian
  and Wetland Sites, Monitoring the Vegetation
  Resources in Riparian Areas, Environmental
  Monitoring and Assessment Program protocols,
  Proper Functioning Condition assessments, and
  R1/R4 Intermountain Fish and Fish Habitat
  Procedures.

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• Riparian condition data will be collected in
  selected areas of the reach and used as a
  baseline to compare with post restoration
  conditions. Riparian communities will be located
  with a GPS/GIS system.
• Riparian community classification data will be
  analyzed to determine the extent of disturbance
  to community types to establish a baseline for
  monitoring riparian vegetation trends over time.
  

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• Woody species regeneration will be assessed in a
  relatively narrow band directly adjacent to the
  channel to predict the trend of riparian
  conditions. An index of overall riparian
  function will be determined using the following
  indicators
• species composition, species diversity, presence
  of non-native or invasive species, structural
  diversity (presence of overstory, shrub, and
  groundcover species), extent of canopy cover, and
  percent of bare ground.

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Human Activity

• An index will also be developed to understand
  whether there are significant human factors that
  influence the site.
• Based on the extent of activity and the proximity
  of this activity from the channel, the condition
  of riparian vegetation will be compared in areas
  with high and low degrees of human activity to
  determine whether these activities appear to be
  affecting riparian conditions and, if so, how.

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Restoration Alternatives

• Following the interpretation of this data, a
  range of restoration alternatives will be
  developed based on priority areas, associated
  benefits, and estimated costs.

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Wetlands Delineation and Management Plan

• In collaboration with TEPP and Shapiro and
  Associates, Inc.
• Objectives
• Train Tribal staff in wetland delineation process
  (primarily according to U.S. Army Corps of
  Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual, 1987)
  focusing on the Blue Creek Wetlands
• Train staff in reconnaissance level wetland
  assessments
• Provide data for the creation of a wetlands
  database
• With the Tribal Council, develop a wetlands
  management plan

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• Blue Creek Wetlands are part of The Nature
  Conservancy Priority Conservation Site.
• Subbasin Assessment noted a need to
• survey and assess condition of redband
  populations and habitat in the DVIR, Lower Blue
  Creek, North fork Owyhee, and South Fork Owyhee
  to develop data sets and assessment resources on
  par with information in other portions of the
  subbasin

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Protected Areas
Research Natural Areas Wilderness Study
Areas Wild and Scenic Rivers Areas of Critical
Environmental Concern Nature Conservancy Priority
Conservation Sites
Duck Valley Indian Reservation
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Blue Creek Wetlands
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Blue Creek Wetlands
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Blue Creek Wetlands
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Actions

• Locating, groundtruthing, and mapping wetlands
  according to soils, vegetation, and hydrologic
  assessments.
• Determination of wetland community types.
• Gathering data on wetland characteristics.
• Assessment of wetland functions and values and
  identification of unique or cultural qualities.
• Developing wetlands management plan with Tribal
  Council

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More Expectations for Objective 1

• Update GPS/GIS data.
• Train staff (1 staff member already trained) in
  Proper Functioning Condition assessments and
  focus assessment on streams included in Redband
  trout genetics study.
• Enhance and protect Blue Creek, Little Sheep
  Creek, and Marys Creek and their associated
  wetlands
• Marys Creek suspected to support Bull trout

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Objective 2 Protect and Repair Natural Springs

• Strategy
• Increase water flow from springs that provide
  pool habitat/cold water refuges for trout in late
  summer
• Improve water quality
• Provide cold, clean water to Owyhee River and
  tributaries

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• Deliverables from actions completed 2001-2002
• Springs in 7 areas were protected with fencing,
  troughs were installed, and willows were planted
• Existing enhancements were maintained with the
  help of the Western Shoshone-Paiute Livestock
  Association
• Existing enhancements were improved with trough
  braces and rock jacks

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Maintenance
Rock Jack added
Troughs braced
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Habitat Enhancement Spring Development Project
Locations
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Expectations for 2002-2003

• Collaborate with the Western Shoshone-Paiute
  Livestock Association and TEPP to determine
  priority springs and protection strategies.
• After meetings, 3 springs were determined (Hot
  Creek Springs, Cavanaugh Springs, and Jones Flat
  Springs Area)
• We also discussed strategic placement of drift
  fences while utilizing the thick willows as
  natural fencing, and we discussed more deliberate
  livestock grazing.

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Fawn Creek Road

• Spawning has been documented in Fawn Creek.
• Several springs flow down or across Fawn Creek
  Road and enter the creek.
• In cooperation with TEPP, we plan on enhancing
  the road with culverts/road crossings for these
  springs.

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Maintenance and Monitoring

• Maintain completed spring enhancement and
  protection projects.
• Including inspection and seasonal reconnections
  of waterlines fencing and piping repairs
  inspection and reseeding of spring area photos.
• Update GIS/GPS data.
• Develop monitoring program for protected areas in
  order to evaluate trends (including photo points,
  vegetation diversity indices, GIS mapping, and
  water quality monitoring plan.)
• Will also be included in Objective 3.

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Objective 3 Collect water quality and range data

• Strategy
• Create database with water quality, fisheries,
  and range habitat information.
• Deliverables from actions in 2001-2002
• Initiated relationship with Tribal Natural
  Resources department to craft a Range Management
  plan
• Fisheries and water quality (chemical and
  biological) information collected on streams in
  association with the Redband trout genetics
  project and the TEPP department.

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• 30 areas sampled for water quality
• 10 areas evaluated for substrate, debris, and
  sediment entrainment
• 10 areas evaluated for bank, channel, and
  riparian area health
• 10 areas evaluated for fish barriers, aquatic
  plants, algae, water odor and appearance and
  wildlife presence
• 12 sites sampled for salmonid size distribution
  and density

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Salmonid Density and Size Distribution
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Expectations for 2002-2003

• Work with staff from the Pacific Northwest
  National Laboratory (PNNL) in a partnership where
  they are providing us with NASA satellite imagery
  and expertise to create maps for use by the
  Tribes. These maps may be used for tracking fish
  and waterfowl migration, water quality and flow,
  water pollution, etc.

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Landsat Imagery(redpasture land)
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• Expectations contd
• In cooperation with TEPP and WSPLA, develop a map
  of all range fences on the DVIR.
• Fences are all GPS located mapping in progress
• Currently coordinating with TEPP Water Quality
  Technician and the BOR to develop and carry out
  comprehensive water quality monitoring plan for
  streams on the DVIR.
• Including water chemistry, biological indices,
  macrophyte and macroinvertebrate sampling and
  mapping.

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Inorganic Contamination Sampling Event

• Intensive sampling event completed late August in
  cooperation with TEPP to assess the inorganic
  toxicity of the East Fork of the Owyhee River (on
  the DVIR) due to tailings from the upstream Rio
  Tinto copper mine below the confluence with Mill
  Creek.
• Water, sediment, and fish samples were taken in
  late August, 2002
• 3-4 rainbow trout were taken at the 8 sample
  sites along with background (using electrofishing
  and netting techniques)

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Rio Tinto Mine

• Rio Tinto was a prolific copper mine operating
  from 1932-1975
• Estimated 12 million cubic yards of tailings
  located in the Mill Creek drainage, which is a
  tributary of the East Fork of the Owyhee River.
• Mine is located approximately 2 miles south of
  the DVIR (upriver)
• Impacts of the acid mine drainage on the
  Reservation have neither been fully characterized
  nor studied.
• Numerous documentations of fish kills
• Owyhee River is the main source of groundwater
  recharge on the Reservation.

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Above Tailings
MILL CREEK
Below Tailings
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Mill Creek
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10 feet above confluence with the EF Owyhee
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Confluence of Mill Creek and the East Fork of the
Owyhee River (high water)
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Water Quality Testing on East Fork of the Owyhee
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Sediment Core Sampling on the East Fork of the
Owyhee
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Fish Sampling Crew
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Objective 4 Outreach and Education

• Strategy
• Increase community involvement and support for
  projects through education.
• Deliverables from Actions in 2001-2002
• Hosted 15 youth through the Tribal Summer Youth
  Program for 6 weeks of employment.
• Boy Scouts electrofished streams plus carved,
  painted, and erected signs indicating the names
  of the major tributaries to the East Fork of the
  Owyhee River.
• Arbor Day ceremony 2002

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• Hosted several community meetings
• Wrote monthly reports for Tribal Council and
  attended monthly Tribal Council meetings
• 7 articles written for the Sho-Pai News
• Maintained relationship with WSPLA
• Fostered nascent relationship with TEPP

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Expectations for 2002-2003

• Implement a volunteer bird monitoring program
  with after-school youth and community to help
  protect vital areas.
• Working with USFWS to develop monitoring sheets
  and protocols for use in wetlands, open water,
  and riparian areas.
• DVIR supports several Species of Special Concern
  (including Northern harrier (Curcus cyaneus)
  Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus Federally
  Threatened) Greater sandhill crane (Grus
  canadensis tabida) Black-crowned nightheron
  (Nycticorax nycticorax) American white pelican
  (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) Double crested
  cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) Trumpeter swan
  (Cygnus buccinator) and Western grebe
  (Aechmophorus occidentalis)

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• Write articles for local paper.
• Maintain relationship with Boy Scout troupe
  leader.
• Develop relationship with Girl Scouts.

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• Invited to deliver 3 presentations at an annual
  regional agriculture and ranching conference
  where we informed the audience about using
  gravity-fed water troughs, exclusion fencing of
  springs and streams, and general range management
  issues, including non-lethal predator control and
  livestock protection.
• The Tribes local high school FFA (Future Farmers
  of America) and 4-H programs attended the
  conference as well as local ranchers, regional
  ranchers, and regional farmers and veterinarians.

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• The Senior Biologist/Deputy Director was invited
  to deliver a presentation at the Idaho Chapter of
  the international Wildlife Society annual meeting
  to address the topic of Tribal Wildlife
  Management
• detailed the objectives of the Habitat
  Enhancement projects in addition to other
  department projects.
• The Director was also invited to sit on a panel
  to respond to policy-level questions regarding
  Tribal Wildlife Management.

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Student Science Fair project

• We helped 4 Shoshone-Paiute sixth-grade students
  develop a project for the Northeastern Nevada
  Science Fair.
• With our assistance, the students crafted a
  project correlating water quality and Redband
  trout habitat
• we helped them with the generation of the project
  idea, the scientific process involved, internet
  research, the collection of data, the analysis of
  data (including an Excel tutorial), and the
  project presentation (including a PowerPoint
  tutorial).

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• We are excited to report that the students
  project, judged by science professionals, won
  first place in the Life Sciences Division for all
  of Northeastern Nevada!
• The students project has also been nominated for
  the Discovery Channels Young Scientist Challenge
  2003 award (an award of 14,000!).
• With the help of the Senior Biologist/Deputy
  Director, the students crafted a PowerPoint
  presentation delivered at a Shoshone Paiute
  Tribes full Tribal Council meeting, and for NRCS
  Idaho RCD.

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• With the assistance of several fisheries
  biologists, we are researching the construction
  and use of fish traps in order to track spawners
  in the creeks this spring. The four students
  from the Owyhee Combined Schools will be involved
  in the data collection to append their 2003
  science fair project, and staff from our
  department will construct the traps.

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Arbor Day 2003

• Organized free tree planting and maintenance
  workshops (one for the community by Bill Moore
  and Debbie Cook of Idaho RCD and one for the
  staff by Tony Deets of NV Division of Forestry)
• Regional businesses and individuals bestowed
  enormous support on our ceremony, with donations
  of 8 fishing poles, 6 full fishing tackle boxes,
  2 tents, 4 camping chairs, and 12 knives (adults
  only) for prizes.
• At the Arbor Day Ceremony, Ms. Danns 6th grade
  class performed Arbor Day Play and the Painted
  Horse Drummers and Sweet Sage drummed and
  sang. We also had a large attendance by Idaho
  and Nevada agencies.

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