Phonetics of Mono Lake Northern Paiute medial stops

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Phonetics of Mono Lake Northern Paiute medial
stops

• Reiko Kataoka
• SSILA annual meeting
• January 5, 2007

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Introduction Language Area
Western Numic
NorthernPaiute
Shoshone

Ute
Mono
Southern Paiute
Panamint
Kawaiisu
Chemehuevi
Comanche
adapted from Early Indian tribes, Cultures and
Linguistic Stocks-Western U.S. U of Texas
(http//www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/united_states/earl
y_indian_west.jpg)
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Research

• Interest Mono Lake Northen Paiute
  (MLNP)Three-way contrast in medial obstruents
• (fortis, voiced fortis, lenis)
• Problem Existence of the three-way contrast has
  been long recognized however, phonetic
  properties of each sound are not well understood.
• Goal Identify acoustic properties that make
  fortis, voiced fortis, and lenis as distinctive
  type of sound.

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Background MLNP consonant Inventory (UCB Field
Methods Class Fall 2005-Spring 2006)

• Bilabial Alveolar Velar
  L-velar Glottal
• Stop p/bb/b t/dd/d k/gg/g
  kw/ggw/gw
• Fricative s/z h
• Affricate ts/ddz/dz
• Nasal mm / m nn / n
• Glide y w

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Background MLNP consonant Inventory (UCB Field
Methods Class Fall 2005-Spring 2006)

• Bilabial Alveolar Velar
  L-velar Glottal
• Stop p/bb/b t/dd/d k/gg/g
  kw/ggw/gw
• Fricative s/z h
• Affricate ts/ddz/dz
• Nasal mm / m nn / n
• Glide y w

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Background MLNP consonant Inventory (UCB Field
Methods Class Fall 2005-Spring 2006)

• Bilabial Alveolar Velar
  L-velar Glottal
• Stop p/bb/b t/dd/d k/gg/g
  kw/ggw/gw
• Fricative s/z h
• Affricate ts/ddz/dz
• Nasal mm / m nn / n
• Glide y w

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Background MLNP consonant Inventory (UCB Field
Methods Class Fall 2005-Spring 2006)

• Bilabial Alveolar Velar
  L-velar Glottal
• Stop p/bb/b t/dd/d k/gg/g
  kw/ggw/gw
• Fricative s/z h
• Affricate ts/ddz/dz
• Nasal mm / m nn / n
• Glide y w

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Language Material and Data

• Description Audio in Berkeley Language Center
  (BLC)
• BLC ID LA114
• Collector Margaret Wheat
• Depositor Sidney MacDonald Lamb
• Year 1950-52
• Speaker AS (75) born in Mill City, lived in
  the Stillwater and Fallen area
• Token used mono-morphemic noun, 2 or 3
  syllables-long, clear signal
  throughout (179 tokens)
• For Statistics 2-syllable words CVVCV, CVCCV,
  or CVCV form medial stop/affricate
• (87 tokens)

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Segmentation (V, H, C, VOT, V)
t a
kk a

Fortis -VCV
V H C
VOT V
aa
? a

Lenis-VCV
(Hz)
5000
0
V C
V
750 ms
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Examples

• Lenis Fortis V-fortis
• paabi paabi opo oppo t?bba t?bba
  brother kettle
  mouth
• aad? aa?? puta putta
  t?h?ddat?h???a bow arm
  deer
• aaga aa?a taka takka k?gg? k?gg?
  crow arrowhead leg

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Auditory impressionsLiljeblad (1950, 1966),
Nichols (1974), Thornes (2003)

• Often mentioned parameters
• Duration fortis gt lenis
• Voicing fortis - voiceless lenis - voiced
• Manner lenis - continuant fortis - stop
• Canonical fortis long voiceless stop
• Canonical lenis short voiced continuant
• But great deal of free variation
• Characteristics accompanying fortis
• Preaspiration Preglottalization
• Abrupt vowel-stop transition

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Instrumental Studies

• Waterman 1911 (physiological data)
• Fortis has twice longer closure duration than
  lenis
• NP lenis does not have pre-voicing
• Vowels have final aspiration before fortis
• Babel 2006 (acoustic data)
• Closure duration fortis gt voiced fortis gt lenis

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Acoustic evidence 1 consonantal duration
Fortis
takka
V-fortis
paggwi
Lenis
to?aa
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Acoustic evidence 2 manner and VOT
clear burst
abrupt transition
Fortis
takka arrowhead
weak burst
V-fortis
paggwi fish
voiceless period
smooth transition
Lenis
to?aa crow
no stop burst
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Consonantal duration (N 87)
ANOVA F (2, 84) 147.29, P lt 0.001
Scheffe Fortis vs. V-fortis vs. Lenis
Converges to Waterman 1911 Babel 2006
243 ms
Fortis n21
VOT2
C2
h1
197 ms
V-fortis n9
Lenis n57
79 ms
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Manner and Voice Type and its frequency (n87)
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With or without extra laryngeal involvement
V C
Lenis to?aa crow
no laryngeal involvement
V C
Fortis takka arrowhead
aspiration
V C
V-fortis t?h???a deer
glottalization
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Frequency of laryngeal involvement
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Voice quality from the last 30ms of V1
t a
kk a

Fortis -VCV
30 ms
V1 h1 C2
VOT2 V2
aa
? a

Lenis-VCV
30 ms
V1 C2
V2
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Vowel spectra
Schematic Representation of Expected pattern
Relative Amplitude (dB)
Relative Amplitude (dB)
A1
glottalized
H2
modal
H1
breathy
F1
F2
F3
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
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Relative amplitude at H1, H2, A1 (N25)
ANOVA H1-H2 F1.35 (2, 22) p0.27 H1-A1 F3.84
(2, 22) plt0.05 Scheffe fortis vs. lenis
v-fortis
23.26
19.75
n13
n 5
11.16
n 7
11.13
9.24
6.67
F1
H2
H1
Point at frequency domain
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Summary

• Consonantal duration
• fortis, voiced fortis gt lenis
• Consonantal period h/? C
• Lenis smooth VC transition
• Fortis Preaspiration
• Voiced fortis Preglottalization(?)
• VOT fortis gt voiced fortis

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Implication 1 on the typology of fortis/lenis
contrast

• Ladefoged Maddieson (1997)
• Fortis increased respiratory or articulatory
  effort in the production of the segment (Lenis
  opposite)
• Articulatory effort in MLNP fortis use of
  laryngeal involvement at VC juncture
• Locus of force exertion
• Korean CV, no word-final F/L contrast
• MLNP VC, no word-initial F/L contrast

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Implication 2 on the typology of stop

• Rarity of long voiced stop due to Aerodynamic
  Voicing Constraints Ohala (1983)
• Extra articulatory effort is required to maintain
  vocal fold vibration throughout the oral closure.
• Phonological long voiced stop ? phonetic
  voiceless unaspirated stop (e.g. MLNP voiced
  fortis)
• Subtle difference in VOT between fortis and
  voiced fortis
• Merger to fortis in other NP dialects

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Implication 3 source of voiced fortis in MLNP

• Possible scenario
• V?C gt voiced fortis
• Supporting evidence
• Fortis sonorant freely varies with ? C
• e.g. kwinna kwi?na eagle
• mommogoni mo?mogoni women

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Acknowledgement

• UC Berkeley Field Methods Class
• Andrew Garrett, Molly Babel, Erin Haynes, Michael
  Houser, Fanny Liu, Nicole Marcus, Ruth Rouvier,
  Maziar Toosarvandani
• Group of American Indian Languages (GAIL)
• Leanne Hinton, Donna Fenton, and audience members
• Friends of Uto-Aztecan
• Tim Thornes, Christopher Loether
• John Ohala, Ian Maddieson

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• Thank You!