The Ancient Greeks

1
Chapter 1 The Ancient Greeks
2
The First Civilizations
Chapter Introduction Section 1 Early
Humans Section 2 Mesopotamian
Civilization Section 3 The First
Empires Reading Review Chapter Assessment
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding
slides.
3
The First Civilizations
Chapter Objectives

• Explain how learning to farm changed the way
  early peoples lived. ?

• Describe the development of the first major
  civilizations in Mesopotamias river valleys. ?

• Describe the rise and fall of the Assyrian and
  Chaldean Empires.

4
The First Civilizations
5
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6
Early Humans
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes the worlds earliest
humans and relates their change from nomadic
hunters to farmers.
7
Early Humans
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas

• Paleolithic people adapted to their environment
  and invented many tools to help them survive. ?

• In the Neolithic Age, people started farming,
  building communities, producing goods, and
  trading.

8
Early Humans
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places

• Jericho (JEHRihKOH) ?

• Çatal Hüyük (chahTAHL hooYOOK)

9
Early Humans
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary

• historian (hihSTOHReeuhn) ?

• archaeologist (AHRkeeAHluhjihst) ?

• artifact (AHRtihFAKT) ?

• fossil (FAHsuhl) ?

• anthropologist (ANthruhPAHluhjihst) ?

• nomad (NOHMAD)

10
Early Humans
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary

• technology (tehkNAHluhjee) ?

• domesticate (duhMEHStihKAYT) ?

• specialization (SPEHshuhluhZAYshuhn)

11
Early Humans
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Determine Cause and Effect Draw a diagram like
the one on page 8 of your textbook. Use it to
explain how early humans adapted to their
environment.
12
Early Humans
Early Humans

• History is the story of humans in the past, and
  historians are the people who study and write
  about humans of the past. ?

• Archaeologists hunt for evidence buried in the
  ground.

(pages 911)
13
Early Humans
Early Humans
(pages 911)
14
Early Humans
Early Humans (cont.)

• Anthropologists study how humans developed and
  related to each other. ?

• The early period of human history is called the
  Stone Age. ?

• The earliest part of the Stone Age is called the
  Paleolithic period. ?

• Paleolithic people were nomads, traveling from
  place to place to hunt and search for food.

(pages 911)
15
Early Humans
Early Humans (cont.)

• Paleolithic women cared for children and gathered
  berries, nuts, and grains. ?

• Paleolithic men hunted animals using clubs,
  spears, traps, and bows and arrows. ?

• Paleolithic people adapted to their environment.

(pages 911)
16
Early Humans
Early Humans (cont.)

• Those in warm climates wore little clothing and
  had little need for shelter. ?

• Those in cold climates used caves for shelter. ?

• Over time, they learned to create shelters from
  animal hides and wooden poles.

(pages 911)
17
Early Humans
Early Humans (cont.)

• Paleolithic people discovered fire, which kept
  them warm, lit the darkness, and cooked food. ?

• Long periods of extreme cold are called the Ice
  Ages. ?

• During the Ice Ages, thick sheets of ice covered
  parts of Europe, Asia, and North America.

(pages 911)
18
Early Humans
Early Humans (cont.)

• Paleolithic people developed spoken language and
  expressed themselves through art, which may have
  had religious meaning. ?

• During this time, humans created tools such as
  spears and hand axes using stone called flint.

(pages 911)
19
Early Humans
How did spoken language help the Paleolithic
people?
Language made it easier for people to work
together and pass on knowledge.
20
Early Humans
Neolithic Times

• In the beginning of the Neolithic Age, people
  began to domesticate, or tame, animals. ?

• Domesticated animals carried goods and provided
  meat, milk, and wool. ?

• People in different parts of the world began
  growing crops about the same time. ?

• Historians call this change the farming
  revolution.

(pages 1315)
21
Early Humans
Neolithic Times (cont.)

• Because farmers needed to stay close to their
  fields, they built permanent homes in villages. ?

• One of the oldest villages is Jericho in
  present-day Israel and Jordan. ?

• Another Neolithic village is Çatal Hüyük in
  present-day Turkey. ?

• Permanent villages provided people with security
  and steady food.

(pages 1315)
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Early Humans
Neolithic Times (cont.)

• The surplus food led to a larger population. ?

• Not all people in a village were farmers. ?

• Some made pottery, mats, and cloth. ?

• They traded these goods for things they did not
  have.

(pages 1315)
23
Early Humans
Neolithic Times (cont.)

• People continued to create new technology. ?

• They created better farming tools and began
  working with metal, copper, and tin. ?

• They also began working with bronze.

(pages 1315)
24
Early Humans
Why was farming important to the Neolithic people?
Farming allowed people to settle in one place,
and it provided a steady food supply.
25
Early Humans
Who are archaeologists and what do they study?
Archaeologists are scientists who hunt for, dig
up, and study artifacts.
26
Early Humans
How did domesticating animals help the Neolithic
people?
Animals supplied meat, milk, and wool. They also
carried goods and pulled carts.
27
Early Humans
Explain Why were Paleolithic people nomads?
They moved around to hunt animals and gather
other foods.
28
Early Humans
Compare Compare the technology of the
Paleolithic Age with that of the Neolithic Age?
Paleolithic stone, bone, and wooden tools and
weapons Neolithic metal tools and weapons
29
Early Humans
Analyze Why was the ability to make a fire so
important?
Fire kept humans warm, scared animals away, and
was used to cook food.
30
Early Humans
Summarize the impact of farming on the human race.
31
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32
Mesopotamian Civilization
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes Mesopotamia, one of the
regions where the worlds earliest civilizations
developed.
33
Mesopotamian Civilization
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas

• Civilization in Mesopotamia began in the valleys
  of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. ?

• Sumerians invented writing and made other
  important contributions to later peoples. ?

• Sumerian city-states lost power when they were
  conquered by outsiders.

34
Mesopotamian Civilization
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places

• Tigris River (TYgruhs) ?
• Euphrates River (yuFRAYteez) ?
• Mesopotamia
• (MEHsuhpuhTAYmeeuh) ?
• Sumer (SOOmuhr) ?
• Babylon (BAbuhluhn)

35
Mesopotamian Civilization
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Meeting People

• Sargon (SAHRGAHN) ?
• Hammurabi (HAmuhRAHbee)

36
Mesopotamian Civilization
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary

• civilization (SIHvuhluhZAYshuhn) ?
• irrigation (IHRuhGAYshuhn) ?
• city-state ?
• artisan (AHRtuhzuhn) ?
• cuneiform (kyooNEEuhFAWRM) ?
• scribe (SKRYB) ?
• empire (EHMPYR)

37
Mesopotamian Civilization
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Sequencing Information Use a diagram like the one
on page 16 of your textbook, to show how the
first empire in Mesopotamia came about.
38
Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopotamias Civilization

• Civilizations are complex societies with cities,
  governments, art, religion, class divisions, and
  a writing system. ?

• Rivers were important because they made for good
  farming conditions. ?

• They also made it easy for people to travel and
  trade. ?

• Governments were formed because someone had to
  make plans and decisions for the common good.

(pages 1720)
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Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopotamias Civilization (cont.)

• Mesopotamia is a flat plain bounded by the Tigris
  and Euphrates rivers. ?

• Floods in Mesopotamia were frequent and
  unpredictable. ?

• Farmers learned to control the rivers with dams
  and channels. ?

• They also used the rivers to irrigate, or water,
  their crops.

(pages 1720)
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Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopotamias Civilization (cont.)

• Many cities formed in a southern region of
  Mesopotamia known as Sumer. ?

• Sumerian cities were city-states, with their own
  governments. ?

• Sumerian cities often fought each other. ?

• To protect themselves, the city-states built
  walls around themselves.

(pages 1720)
41
Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopotamias Civilization (cont.)

• Sumerians believed in many gods. ?

• Each city-state had a ziggurat, or grand temple,
  to honor the gods.

(pages 1720)
42
Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopotamias Civilization (cont.)

• Most Sumerians were farmers, but some were
  artisans, or skilled workers. ?

• Others were merchants and traders. ?

• Sumerian city-states had three classes. ?

• The upper class consisted of kings, priests, and
  government officials. ?

• The middle class consisted of artisans,
  merchants, fishers, and farmers.

(pages 1720)
43
Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopotamias Civilization (cont.)

• The lower class consisted of slaves.

(pages 1720)
44
Mesopotamian Civilization
What effect did irrigation have on the people of
Mesopotamia?
Irrigation allowed farmers to grow plenty of
food. More food meant more people could be fed,
so the population grew.
45
Mesopotamian Civilization
A Skilled People

• Mesopotamia has been called the cradle of
  civilization because of the influence of Sumerian
  ideas on other
  areas. ?

• Writing helps people keep
  records and pass on ideas. ?

• Sumerians developed a
  writing system called
  cuneiform. ?

• Only a few people, called
  scribes, learned to write.

(pages 2021)
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Mesopotamian Civilization
A Skilled People (cont.)

• The Sumerians also produced the oldest known
  story, the Epic of Gilgamesh. ?

• The Sumerians also invented new technology such
  as the wagon wheel, the sailboat, and the plow. ?

• The Sumerians developed many mathematical ideas,
  including geometry, a number system based on 60,
  and a 12-month calendar.

(pages 2021)
47
Mesopotamian Civilization
Why did Sumerians study the skies?
The locations of the planets and stars guided the
Sumerians farming and festivals.
48
Mesopotamian Civilization
Sargon and Hammurabi

• Sargon, the king of the Akkadians, conquered all
  of Mesopotamia and set up the worlds first
  empire. ?

• An empire is a group of many different lands
  under one ruler. ?

• After Sargon, another group of people became
  powerful. ?

• They built the city of Babylon on the Euphrates
  River.

(page 23)
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Mesopotamian Civilization
Sargon and Hammurabi (cont.)

• The Babylonian king, Hammurabi, conquered lands
  north and south of Babylon to create the
  Babylonian Empire. ?

• The Code of Hammurabi was a collection of laws
  covering crimes, farming, business activities,
  and marriage and family. ?

• Many punishments in the code were cruel, but the
  code was an important step in the development of
  a justice system.

(page 23)
50
Mesopotamian Civilization
What were some of the benefits of living in
Hammurabis empire? What were some of the
drawbacks?
Benefits Living in a large, powerful empire
helps keep enemies from taking over the land
Hammurabis code helped keep people from
committing crimes against one another.
Drawbacks Hammurabis code had cruel
punishments people were governed by one person,
Hammurabi, instead of living in a representative
government.
51
Mesopotamian Civilization
What is civilization?
a complex society with cities, an organized
government, art, religion, a system of writing,
and class divisions
52
Mesopotamian Civilization
What was the Code of Hammurabi?
a set of laws that the Babylonian leader
Hammurabi established for his empire
53
Mesopotamian Civilization
Geography Skills How was the geography of
Mesopotamia suited for the growth of population
and creation of a civilization?
Mesopotamia was located in the valley of the
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. These rivers often
flooded, leaving behind rich soil for farming,
which made it easier to feed large numbers of
people.
54
Mesopotamian Civilization
Science Link Why did the Sumerians record the
positions of stars and planets and develop a
calendar?
to learn the best times to plant crops and hold
religious festivals
55
Mesopotamian Civilization
Persuasive Writing Imagine you are living in a
city-state in ancient Sumer. Write a letter to a
friend describing which Mesopotamian idea or
invention you believe will be the most important
to humanity.
Answers will vary.
56
Mesopotamian Civilization
Review the Sumerian technologies that changed the
world.
57
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58
The First Empires
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section discusses the Assyrian and Chaldean
Empires.
59
The First Empires
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas

• Assyrias military power and well organized
  government helped it build a vast empire in
  Mesopotamia by 650 B.C. ?

• The Chaldean Empire built important landmarks in
  Babylon and developed the first calendar with a
  seven-day week.

60
The First Empires
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places

• Assyria (uhSIHReeuh) ?
• Persian Gulf (PUHRzhuhn) ?
• Nineveh (NIHnuhvuh) ?
• Hanging Gardens ?

Meeting People

• Nebuchadnezzar
• (NEHbyuhkuhdNEHzuhr)

61
The First Empires
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary

• province (PRAHvuhns) ?

• caravan (KARuhVAN) ?

• astronomer (uhSTRAHnuhmuhr) ?

Reading Strategy
Compare and Contrast Complete a Venn diagram
like the one on page 26 of your textbook. List
the similarities and differences between the
Assyrian Empire and the Chaldean Empire.
62
The First Empires
The Assyrians

• The Assyrian empire arose about 1,000 years after
  the rule of Hammurabi. ?

• The Assyrian army was the first large army to use
  iron weapons. ?

• Their weapons were stronger than those of copper
  and tin.

(pages 2728)
63
The First Empires
The Assyrians (cont.)

• They fought with spears, daggers, bows and
  arrows, chariots and soldiers on horseback.

(pages 2728)
64
The First Empires
The Assyrians (cont.)

• The capital of the Assyrian empire was Nineveh. ?

• The empire was divided into provinces, which are
  political districts. ?

• Each province was governed by an official who
  collected taxes and enforced laws.

(pages 2728)
65
The First Empires
The Assyrians (cont.)

• The Assyrians built large temples and palaces,
  with statues and wall carvings. ?

• One of the first libraries was in Nineveh and
  held 25,000 tablets of stories and songs. ?

• People began to rebel because of Assyrias cruel
  treatment. ?

• The Chaldeans rebelled and took control of
  Nineveh in 612 B.C.

(pages 2728)
66
The First Empires
How were the Assyrians like other Mesopotamians?
The Assyrians and the Mesopotamians built temples
and palaces. Both used art and writing.
67
The First Empires
The Chaldeans

• Nebuchadnezzar was the king of the Chaldeans. ?

• The Chaldeans, who were descendents of
  Babylonians, rebuilt Babylon. ?

• The city became the center of the Chaldeans
  empire. ?

• The city was surrounded by a huge wall. Inside
  the wall were palaces, temples, and a huge
  ziggurat.

(pages 2930)
68
The First Empires
The Chaldeans (cont.)

• Nebechadnezzar ordered the Hanging Gardens to be
  built for his wife, who missed her green,
  mountainous homeland. ?

• The Hanging Gardens were one of the Seven Wonders
  of the Ancient World.

(pages 2930)
69
The First Empires
The Chaldeans (cont.)

• The Chaldeans were merchants, artisans, and
  traders. ?

• Babylon was on a major trade route and profited
  from trade.

(pages 2930)
70
The First Empires
The Chaldeans (cont.)

• The Chaldeans studied the sky to understand the
  gods. ?

• Their astronomers (people who study the heavenly
  bodies) mapped the stars, planets, and phases of
  the moon. ?

• The Chaldeans lost control of their empire to the
  Persians.

(pages 2930)
71
The First Empires
What made Babylon the worlds richest city?
Being on a major trade route meant merchants and
artisans benefited from trade. The city also had
beautiful structures, such as the Hanging Gardens
and the Ishtar Gate.
72
The First Empires
Why was the Assyrian army a powerful fighting
force?
It had a well-organized army with advanced
weapons.
73
The First Empires
What were some of the accomplishments of Chaldean
astronomers?
They mapped stars, planets, and phases of the
moon and created the sundial and seven-day week.
74
The First Empires
Analyze How did the Assyrians set up a well
organized government?
They divided the empire into provinces, and chose
provincial officials to collect taxes and enforce
laws.
75
The First Empires
Conclude Why do you think the Assyrians took
conquered peoples from their lands and moved them
to other places?
Possible answer It would make it more difficult
for conquered people to rise up against the
Assyrians.
76
The First Empires
Descriptive Writing Write a paragraph that might
be found in a travel brochure describing the
beauty of ancient Babylon.
Answers will vary.
77
The First Empires
Science Link What different types of knowledge
and skills would the Babylonians need to build
the Hanging Gardens?
Answers will vary.
78
The First Empires
Describe two main points about the Assyrians and
Chaldeans.
79
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80
The First Civilizations
Section 1 Early Humans
Focusing on the Main Ideas

• Paleolithic people adapted to their environment
  and invented many tools to help them survive. ?

• In the Neolithic Age, people started farming,
  building communities, producing goods, and
  trading.

81
The First Civilizations
Section 2 Mesopotamian Civilization
Focusing on the Main Ideas

• Civilization in Mesopotamia began in the valleys
  of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. ?

• Sumerians invented writing and made other
  important contributions to later peoples. ?

• Sumerian city-states lost power when they were
  conquered by outsiders.

82
The First Civilizations
Section 3 The First Empires
Focusing on the Main Ideas

• Assyrias military power and well-organized
  government helped it build a vast empire in
  Mesopotamia by 650 B.C. ?

• The Chaldean Empire built important landmarks in
  Babylon and developed the first calendar with a
  seven-day week.

83
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84
The First Civilizations
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary word that completes
each sentence.
A. historians B. provinces C. empire D. city-state
E. scribe
E
__ 1. A ___ kept records in cuneiform. __ 2. An
___ is a group of many different lands under one
ruler. __ 3. Assyrian kings divided their empire
into political districts called ___.
C
B
85
The First Civilizations
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary word that completes
each sentence.
A. historians B. provinces C. empire D. city-state
E. scribe
A
__ 4. ___ are people who study and write about
the human past. __ 5. A ___ had its own
government and was not part of any larger unit.
D
86
The First Civilizations
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 Early Humans
How did Paleolithic people adapt to their
environment?
They adapted to the environment by making tools
and clothes and by using fire.
87
The First Civilizations
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 Early Humans
What were the major differences between people
who lived in the Paleolithic period and those who
lived in the Neolithic period?
People who lived in the Paleolithic period were
hunters and gatherers. Neolithic people were
farmers and traders who built communities.
88
The First Civilizations
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 Mesopotamian Civilization
Where were the first civilizations in Mesopotamia?
in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
89
The First Civilizations
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 Mesopotamian Civilization
How did Sumerian city-states lose power?
Conflicts weakened them and they became
vulnerable to attacks by outsiders.
90
The First Civilizations
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 The First Empires
What helped Assyria build an empire in
Mesopotamia?
its military power and well organized government
91
The First Civilizations
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 The First Empires
What scientific advancement did the Chaldeans
make?
They mapped the stars, planets, and phases of the
moon created the sundial and used the seven-day
week.
92
The First Civilizations
Explain Why do you think Mesopotamia is
sometimes called the cradle of civilization?
Some of the earliest known civilizations arose in
Mesopotamia and had a great effect on world
history.
93
The First Civilizations
Analyze Why was the switch from hunting and
gathering to farming important enough to be
called the farming revolution?
Farming allowed early humans to settle into
villages, which was a new way of living that led
to the rise of civilizations.
94
The First Civilizations
Describe What rights did women have in the
city-states of Sumer?
They could buy and sell property and run
businesses.
95
The First Civilizations
Predict How successful do you think the Assyrian
army would have been if it had not learned how to
strengthen iron?
Answers will vary. You should note that the
Assyrians still would have been powerful because
of their strategies and ruthlessness.
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97
Explore online information about the topics
introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your
browser and go to the Journey Across Time Web
site. Click on Chapter 1-Chapter Overviews to
preview information about this chapter. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to
return to this presentation. If you experience
difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually
launch your Web browser and go to
http//www.jat.glencoe.com
98
Maps Early Farming 70002000 B.C. Ancient
Mesopotamia Assyrian Empire
Chart Comparing the Neolithic and Paleolithic Ages
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding
slides.
99
Early Farming 70002000 B.C.
100
Ancient Mesopotamia
101
Assyrian Empire
102
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103
Early Humans
Scientists believe early humans made tools from
other materials besides stone. They probably
used wooden sticks to dig holes and used bark
from trees to make containers. Unlike stone,
these organic materials decay, so remnants from
the early humans are unavailable.
104
Mesopotamian Civilization
Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania
spent 30 years developing the first Sumerian
language dictionary.
105
The First Empires
The Chaldeans in todays Iraq still speak
Aramaic, the language of ancient Babylon.
106
Reading Social Studies
Learn It!
Get Ready to Read!
Before you read, take time to preview the
chapter. This will give you a head start on what
you are about to learn. Follow the steps on the
next slide to help you quickly read, or skim,
Section 1 on page 9 of your textbook.
107
Reading Social Studies
1. Read the main headings in large red type.
They show the main topics covered in the section
or chapter.
Early Humans Paleolithic people
adapted to their environment and invented many
tools to help them survive. Reading Focus What
do you view as the greatest human achievement?
Sending people to the moon, perhaps, or inventing
the computer? Read to learn about the
accomplishments of people during the Paleolithic
Age. _________________________ History
is the story of humans Tools of Discovery
2. The under each main head tells you the big
picture. It summarizes the main point of what
you are about to read.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
108
Reading Social Studies
Early Humans Paleolithic people
adapted to their environment and invented many
tools to help them survive. Reading Focus What
do you view as the greatest human achievement?
Sending people to the moon, perhaps, or inventing
the computer? Read to learn about the
accomplishments of people during the Paleolithic
Age. _________________________ History
is the story of humans Tools of Discovery
3. The Reading Focus helps you to make a
connection between what you might already know
and what you are about to read.
4. Under each main head, read the subheads in
blue type. Subheads break down each main topic
into smaller topics.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
109
Reading Social Studies
Early Humans Paleolithic people
adapted to their environment and invented many
tools to help them survive. Reading Focus What
do you view as the greatest human achievement?
Sending people to the moon, perhaps, or inventing
the computer? Read to learn about the
accomplishments of people during the Paleolithic
Age. _________________________ History
is the story of humans Tools of Discovery
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
110
Reading Social Studies
Practice It!
Preview by Skimming
Skim all of the main heads and main ideas in
Section 3, starting on page 26 of your textbook.
Then in small groups, discuss the questions
below. ?

• Which part of this section do you think will be
  most interesting to you? ?

• What do you think will be covered in Section 3
  that was not covered in Section 2?

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
111
Reading Social Studies
Practice It!
Preview by Skimming
Skim all of the main heads and main ideas in
Section 3, starting on page 26 of your textbook.
Then in small groups, discuss the questions
below. ?

• Are there any words in the Main Ideas that you do
  not know how to pronounce? ?

• Choose one of the Reading Focus questions to
  discuss in your group.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
112
The First Civilizations
Introduction
113
Early Humans
114
Mesopotamian Civilization
115
The First Empires
116
Paleolithic Cave Paintings
117
Science and Inventions
Tools
One of the most important advances of prehistoric
people was the creation of stone tools. Tools
made hunting, gathering, building shelter, and
making clothing much easier. The first tools were
made of stones. Early humans quickly learned that
grinding, breaking, and shaping the stones to
create sharp edges made them more useful. As
technology advanced, people began making specific
tools such as food choppers, meat scrapers, and
spear points. In time, people learned that
hitting a stone in a particular way would produce
a flakea long, sharp chip. Flakes were similar
to knives in the way they were used.
118
Connecting to the Past
1. Why do you think early people chose stones to
make their first tools?
Stones were easy to fashion into tools.
2. How were flakes created?
by chipping stones pieces until they flaked into
the right shape
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the answer.
119
Ötzi the Iceman
c. 3300 B.C
120
Hammurabi
Reigned c. 17921750 B.C
121
Daily Focus Skills Transparency 11
Chapter 1
122
Daily Focus Skills Transparency 12
Chapter 1
123
Daily Focus Skills Transparency 13
Chapter 1
124
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