Organizing Data and Information

1
Organizing Data and Information

• Chapter 3

2
Objectives

• Data Management Introduction
• Data Modeling and Database Models
• Database Management Systems
• Database Applications

3
Data Management IntroductionHierarchy of Data
4
Data Management IntroductionData Entities,
Attributes, and Keys

• Entity generalized class of people, places, or
  things for which data is collected, stored, and
  maintained.
• Attribute characteristic of an attribute.
• Data item specific value of an attribute
• Key field or set of fields in a record that is
  used to identify the record
• Primary key field or set of fields that
  uniquely identifies the record

5
Data Management IntroductionTraditional vs
Database Approach
6
Data Management Introduction Advantage/Disadvanta
ge of the Database Approach

• Advantages
• Reduced redundancy
• Improved data integrity
• Easier modification
• Better access to data
• Standardization of data
• Improved development processes
• Better protection of data
• Shared data and information resources

• Disadvantages
• High cost of mainframe equipment
• Specialized maintenance staff
• Increased vulnerability

(Table 3.1, pg 105)
(Table 3.2, pg 106)
7
Database Modeling and ModelsDatabase Planning
Considerations

• Content what data should be collected and at
  what cost?
• Access what data should be provided to which
  users and when?
• Logical structure how should data be arranged
  so that it makes sense to a given user?
• Physical organization where should data be
  physically located?

8
Database Modeling and ModelsDatabase Modeling
Terminology

• Planned data redundancy repeated data
  attributes to improve performance of database.
• Data model tool used by database designers to
  configure database
• Enterprise data modeling database design
  accomplished at the company-wide level
• Entity-relationship (ER) diagram

(Fig 3.5, pg 107)
9
Database Modeling and ModelsDatabase Models -
General

• Hierarchical data is organized in a top-down,
  or inverted tree structure
• Network - expansion of hierarchical, with
  owner-member relationships
• Relational most popular where data is placed in
  two-dimensional tables.
• Terms
• Domain values of attributes
• Selecting choosing rows based on certain
  criteria
• Projecting data manipulation that chooses
  columns in a table
• Joining data manipulation that joins two or
  more tables
• Linked data manipulation combining two or more
  tables using a common attribute to form a new
  table.

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Database Modeling and ModelsDatabase Models -
Hierarchial
11
Database Modeling and ModelsDatabase Models -
Relational
(Fig 3.9, pg 110)
12
Database Management Systems Providing a User View

• Schema a description of the entire database
• Subschema a file that contains a description of
  a subset of the database and identifies which
  users can modify the data items in that subset

13
Database Management Systems Creating Modifying
the Database

• Data Definition Language (DDL) a collection of
  instructions and commands used to define and
  describe data and data relationships in a
  specific database.
• Data Dictionary detailed description of data in
  a database. Uses
• Provide a standard definition of terms and data
  elements
• Assist programmers in designing and writing
  programs
• Simplify database modification
• Reduce data redundancy
• Increase data reliability
• Speed program development
• Ease modification of data and information

14
Database Management Systems Storing Retrieving
Data

• Logical path
• Physical path
• Concurrency control

15
Database Management Systems Manipulating Data
Generating Reports

• Data manipulation language (DML)
• Store data
• Retrieve data
• Manipulating
• Generate reports
• Standard Query Language (SQL)

16
Database Management Systems Administering
Databases

• Database Administrator
• Understands fundamental of business
• Designs/implements/maintains database
• Establishes policies and procedures
• Establishes and enforces security
• Trains employees of use of database

17
Database Management Systems Popular Database
Management Systems

• Paradox database
• Filemaker Pro
• Microsoft Access
• Lotus 1-2-3 Spreadsheet
• Oracle
• IBM

18
Database Management Systems Selecting A Database
Management System

• Database size
• Number of concurrent users
• Performance
• Integration
• FeaturesVendor
• Cost

19
Database Applications Linking Company Database
to Internet
Database
Internet
Intranet
Employee
Customer
Supplier
20
Database Applications Data Warehouses, Marts,
Mining

• Data warehouse a database that collects
  business information from many sources in the
  enterprise, covering all aspects of the companys
  processes, products, and customers.
• Data mart a subset of a data warehouse
• Data mining an information analysis tool that
  involves the automated discovery of patterns and
  relationships in a data warehouse.

21
Database Applications Data Warehouses

• Subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant,
  nonvolatile collection of data in support of
  managements decision-making process
• Used for analysis of existing data
• Resolves performance issues suffered by
  operational RDBMSs and OLTPs

22
Database Applications Elements of a Data
Warehouse
23
Database Applications Elements of a Data
Warehouse
Preatt, P. Adamski, J. (2002) Concepts of
Database Management. Course Technology, Boston,
MA.
24
Database Applications Common Data Mining
Applications
25
Database Applications Business Intelligence

• Gathering enough of the right information in a
  timely manner and usable form
• Competitive intelligence
• Counterintelligence
• Knowledge management

26
Database Applications Distributed Databases

• Computers at various sites
• Connected with communications network
• Distributed database is single logical database
  physically divided among networked computers
• DDBMS supports and manipulates distributed
  databases
• Categories
• Homogeneous - Same local DBMS at each site
• Heterogeneous - At least two sites with different
  DBMSs

27
Database Applications Distributed Databases
Preatt, P. Adamski, J. (2002) Concepts of
Database Management. Course Technology, Boston,
MA.
28
Database Applications On-Line Analytical
Processing (OLAP)

• Computer processing that enables a user to easily
  and selectively extract and view data from
  different points of view
• Multidimensional
• Relational database 2 dimensional
• OLAP 3 dimensional
• Vendors
• Hyperion Solutions Essbase
• Oracles Express Server

29
Database Applications On-Line Analytical
Processing (OLAP)

• Optimized to work with data warehouses
• Used to answer questions
• Allows users to perceive data as a
  multidimensional data cube
• Slice and dice
• Drill down
• Roll Up
• Data mining

30
Database Applications OLAP Star Schema
Preatt, P. Adamski, J. (2002) Concepts of
Database Management. Course Technology, Boston,
MA.
31
Database Applications OLAP Multidimensional
View
Preatt, P. Adamski, J. (2002) Concepts of
Database Management. Course Technology, Boston,
MA.
32
Database Applications OLAP Current Week
Preatt, P. Adamski, J. (2002) Concepts of
Database Management. Course Technology, Boston,
MA.
33
Database Applications OLAP Current Week Iron
Sales
Preatt, P. Adamski, J. (2002) Concepts of
Database Management. Course Technology, Boston,
MA.
34
Database Applications Open Database Connectivity
(ODBC)

• Standards used to ensure software written is
  compatible with other applications
• Imported
• Exported
• Linked

35
Database Applications Object Relational DBMS
(ORDBMS)

• System in which data and the methods operating on
  that data are encapsulated into objects
• Store graphics, drawings, video, sound, and other
  complex objects called binary large objects
  (BLOBs)
• General concepts
• Objects and classes
• Methods and messages
• Inheritance

36
Database Applications Spatial Data Technology

• ORDMBS in space
• Location management
• MapExtreme
• MapQuest
• North Star

37
Summary

• Data Management Introduction
• Data Modeling and Database Models
• Database Management Systems
• Database Applications