IPM CRSP: Biodiversity Conservation Activities

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IPM CRSPBiodiversity Conservation Activities
Don Plucknett
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Purpose of the IPM CRSP

• Develop and implement an IPM approach to reduce
• Crop and income losses due to pests
• Damage to natural ecosystems
• Contamination of food and water

Before
After
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Designed to improve

• opportunities for women
• health the environment
• farmer knowledge
• household income
• boost trade

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Regional Programs

• Central Asia
• South Asia
• Southeast Asia
• Eastern Europe
• East Africa
• West Africa
• Latin America and Caribbean

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Global themes (new phase)

• Invasive species
• Regional diagnostic labs
• Insect-transmitted viruses
• Information technologies and databases
• Impact assessment

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Participatory IPM
Involves all major stakeholders in IPM
technology development and transfer
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Biodiversity concerns begat IPM

• IPM emerged as a problem solving approach
• to reduce pesticide use
• to manage resistance of pests to pesticides
• to reduce environmental contamination

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Some history of IPM at USAID

• International Plant Protection Center, Oregon
  State (1960s-70s)
• UC/USAID Project in Pest Management and
  Environmental Protection (1971-1980)
• Consortium for International Crop Protection
  (1970s-80s)
• IPM CRSP (1993- present)

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Using IPM to improve natural biodiversity

• Landscape agricultural intensification versus
  extensification
• Pollution prevention
• Problem analysis and rational decision making

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Complex ecological relationships(brown
planthopper in Indonesia)

• Pests are frequently regulated by natural
  enemies, which themselves may be vulnerable to
  pesticide application.

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Reducing non-target effects

• With respect to pesticide application,
  biodiversity can be conserved by either
• Reducing or restricting the area sprayed
• Using narrow spectrum products
• Using alternative techniques (e.g. pheromones,
  biocontrol, cultural practices)

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Locusts in Africa
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Biological control Rationale for biopesticides

• Broad-spectrum insecticides can
• kill beneficial organisms
• kill non-target vertebrates
• (indirect ingestion)
• disrupt food webs upon
• which vertebrates depend.
• Pathogen-based biopesticides are host-specific,
  thereby leaving non-target communities intact.

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Global theme on invasive species
Parthenium a weed known in Ethiopia as Sign
your land away

• A North American/Central American native plant
  that threatens
• Cultivated land
• Range lands
• Natural biodiversity

Invasion in Africa, South America, Southern Asia
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Worldwide distribution of Parthenium hysterophorus
Source University of Queenslands Centre for
Biological Information Technology
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Information technology and databases

• Sharing information through a Global IPM
  technology database
• Prioritizing environmental benefits from
  limited supplies of environmentally friendly pest
  control products

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Capacity building in bio-monitoring

• Ecuador training on use of aquatic insect larvae
  as bio-monitors of water quality.
• Being continued in the SANREM CRSP
• Offshoot of training researchers to identify
  parasitoids (potential biocontrol agents)

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Insect-transmitted viruses

• Develop and use advanced diagnostic resources to
  diagnose emergence of viral diseases
• Understand and manage transmission of viruses by
  their insect vectors, which sometimes are
  invasive species
• Design and introduce ecologically-based
  management practices

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Tospoviruses Transmitted by Thrips
Tomato
Peanut

• A serious threat to vegetables, ornamentals, food
  and cash crops
• 1000 species of plants in about 70 plant
  families (dicots monocots)
• estimated global yield losses of up to 1
  billion

Pepper
Tobacco
Ornamentals
Potato
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Trans-hemispheric introduction of viruses by
invasive insect vectors

• Native to the south- western United States
• Has spread through global trade in ornamental
  greenhouse plants from
• the mid-1980s

Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis)

• Native to Southeast Asia
• Expanded geographically in the 1970s and 80s
  due to increased application of pesticides, as
  well as through trade and commerce

Melon thrips (Thrips palmi)
Source www.eppo.org
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IMPACT Environmental impact of onion IPM in the
Philippines

• Methodology
• Risk level was assigned to each active
  ingredient
• Willingness to pay to reduce risk was assessed
  through farmer surveys
• Risk willingness-to-pay were combined
• Expected pesticide reduction
• Thrips (50), weeds (65), cutworms (50), pink
  root disease (25)
• Environmental benefitsWorth 150,000 per year
  to the 4,600 local residents in six Philippine
  villages

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Microbial biodiversity to protect cacao in Ecuador

• Plantain/cacao/coffee system
• Frosty pod rot and witchs broom are two serious
  diseases of cacao at certain altitudes
• Prospecting for indigenous endophytic bacteria to
  confer disease resistance through inoculation
• 60 isolates collected. Screening underway.
  Preliminary success.