FUNDAMENTALS OF TEACHING

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FUNDAMENTALS OF TEACHING

• PHONETIC PLACEMENT FOR CONSONANTS

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We are talking here about

• Teaching adults and children to motorically
  produce sounds
• Typical sounds we would work on are /r/, /l/,
  /s/, /th/, etc.
• We are assuming that they are having physical
  difficulty producing the sound

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Often, they are not stimulable

• Stimulability refers to the ability to profit
  from a model
• Tony, put your tongue on the roof of your mouth,
  give me a big smile, and say rrrrrr.

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I. USE OF CONTEXT

• We want to find out if there are any facilitating
  contexts for sound production
• For example, if the client can make a /g/, can
  they stretch this into /r/?

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II. THE MOTOKINESTHETIC METHOD

• Very similar to phonetic placement
• For the exam, know that there is a focus on
  manipulation of the clients external
  articulators
• Whats old is newthis is like PROMPT

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III. SOUND APPROXIMATION

• 2 kinds
• In 1) progressive approximation, or shaping, the
  SLP helps the client produce a series of sounds
  or sound segments until the actual target is
  produced
• E.g., you would work with /r/ until it was right

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In 2) modification of other sounds

• The SLP uses a sound already in the clients
  repertoire as a point of departure for the target
• /t/ ? /s/
• /g/ ? /r/
• /d/ ? /l/

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IV. PHONETIC PLACEMENT

• 1. Tongue depressors
• 2. Clinician physically manipulates articulators
• 3. Verbal instructions and descriptions
• 4. Airstream indicators
• 5. Feeling the airstream and observing its
  effect on a tissue

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• 6. Looking in a mirror
• 7. Feeling laryngeal vibration
• 8. Looking at pictures or diagrams when
  producing the sound
• 9. Using a physical model of the mouth (Mr.
  Mouth) and manipulating its articulators

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V. ARTICULATION OF CONSONANTS

• We can use place-voice-manner analysis
• Placethat point in the vocal tract where the
  articulators obstruct the outgoing airstream to
  produce the consonant sound

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• Voiceis the sound voiced or voiceless?
• Mannerthe degree of constriction in the vocal
  tract that occurs in the production of a
  consonant sound

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On page 12 of Secord et al., please know the 6
manners of artic

• Stopsthe articulators stop the airstream
  completely /p, b, t, d, k, g/
• Fricativesthe articulators form a narrow channel
  through which the airstream passes /s, z, sh, zh,
  th, f, v, h/

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• Affricates the quick sequence of a stop and a
  fricative produced as one unit at the same place
  of articulation /ch, dj/
• NasalsThe articulators make complete closure in
  the oral cavity while the velum lowers and allows
  air to pass through the nasal cavities

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• Glidesthe articulators move quickly from one
  position to another there is a considerable
  degree of resonance /w, y/
• Liquidsthey have considerable resonance and are
  not as closely approximated as fricatives /r, l/

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It is very important to remember these terms

• Because we need to analyse exactly what clients
  are doing incorrectly

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We can add

• Something else to it