Second Empire 18521870 Third Republic 18701940

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Second Empire (1852-1870)Third Republic
(1870-1940)

• The Foundations of Modern France

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Paris 1530
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Old Paris
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Arc de Triomphe
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Camille Pissarro
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Haussmannian apartment building
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Haussmannization

• Paris expanded to its current limits 1860
• Infrastructure improvements
• Water
• Sewers
• Better flow of traffic
• Parks, tree-lined boulevards
• More air and light
• Removal of many slums

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Paris and its 20 districts (arrondissements)
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Garnier Opera
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Les Halles (central market)
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Les Halles
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Another side of Haussmannization

• Elimination of poor central districts the poor
  were moved to the outlaying districts
• Wide, straight boulevards
• Better for the flow of vehicles and
• Cavalry charges
• Cannon shots
• Installation of military or police barracks in
  the city

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Paris Commune March 18 - May 28, 1870

• Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) Paris surrounded
• Government left the city (Third Republic)
• Proletarian (working-class) government
  established
• Republican soldiers retake the city
• Massive slaughter of Parisians
• Significant destruction of the city
• Republicans representing bourgeois values
• New image of Republicans

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City Hall (Hôtel de ville)
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Politics in the early Third Republic

• September 1870 elections royalists win but are
  divided
• Légitimistes (Bourbons)
• Orleans
• Bonapartists
• monarchists vs republicans
• Positivism
• Bourgeois values
• anti-clericalism
• 1880 the republicans gain absolute majorities
  the birth of modern republican France
• new laws on the press 1881
• Jules Ferry - secular schools 1881

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Opposition to the Republic of the Republicans

• Socialism
• Anarchism bomb attacks 1892-94
• Boulanger Affair 1887-89 right-wing populism lays
  foundation for fascism
• Dreyfus Affair (1894-1906) formation of the new
  right.
• Zola JAccuse 1898. Intellectuals

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How the early Third Republic stays in Power

• Highly coordinated police
• Use of police for political purposes
• Infiltration of subversive groups
• Tight control on the press
• Control of the courts