Principle of Management

1
??????????????????????????????

• ?????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ???? ??????????? 4 ?????????? ? ??????
• 1. ??????????????????????????????
  
• 2. ????????????????????????????????
  ????
• 3. ???????????????????????
• 4. ?????????????????????

2

• Definition
• Administration Management
• --------------
• 1. Administration is determine Policy and
  Planning , component of Planning, Organizing,
  Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and
  Budgeting POSDCoRB
• 2. Management is the process of working which
  and through others to achieve organizational
  objectives in a changing environment. Central to
  this process is the effectiveness and efficiency
  use of limited resources.

3
Process Administration (Gulilck,Urwick1939)

• 1. Planning is the formulation of future
  courses of action. Plans and the objectives on
  which they are based give purpose and direction
  to the organization, its subunits, and
  contributing individuals.
• 2. Decision Making. Managers choose among
  alternative courses of action when they make
  decisions. Making intelligent and ethical
  decisions in todays complex world is a major
  management challenge.
• 3. Organizing. Structural considerations
  such as the chain of command, division of labor,
  and assignment of responsibility are part of the
  organizing function. Careful organizing helps
  ensure the efficient use of human resources.
• 4. Staffing. Organizations are only as good
  as thepeople in them. Staffing consists of
  recruiting. Training, and developing people who
  can contribute to the organized effort.

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• 5. Communicating. Todays managers are
  responsible for communicating to their employees
  the technical knowledge, instructions, rules, and
  information required to get the job done.
  Recognizing that communication is a two-way
  process, managers should be responsive to
  feedback and upward communication.
• 6. Motivating. An important aspect of
  management today is motivating individuals to
  pursue collective objectives by satisfying needs
  and meeting expectations with meaningful work and
  valued rewards.
• 7. Leading. Managers become inspiring
  leaders by serving as role models and adapting
  their management style to the demands of the
  situation. The idea of visionary leadership is
  popular today.
• 8. Controlling. When managers compare
  desired results with actual results and take the
  necessary corrective action, they are keeping
  things on track through the control function.
  Deviations from past plans should be considered
  when formulating new plans.

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Process Management (Peter F.Drucker, 1954)

• Planning Management function that
• Involves the process of defining
  goals, establishing strategies for achieving
  those goals, and developing plans to integrate
  and coordinate activities.
• Organizing Management function that
• Involves the process of determining
  what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how
  the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom,
  and where decisions are to be made.
• Leading Management function that
• Involves motivating subordinates,
  influencing individuals or teams as they work,
  selecting the most effective communication
  channels, or dealing in any way with employee
  behavior issues.
• Controlling Management function that
• Involves monitoring actual
  performance, comparing actual to standard, and
  taking action, if necessary.

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• ???????????????????????????????
• Science ??????????? (Knowledge)
  ?????????????????????????????
• Art ????????? ???????????????????????/??????????
  ??????????
• ???????????? ????????? ??????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????(???
  ???????)?????????????????????????????????????

• ??????????????????????? ???????? 4 ?????
• 1. ????????????????????????????
• 2. ????????????????????????????????????
• 3. ?????????????????????????????
• 4. ???????????????????????????

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• ???????????????????????????????????????????(7500
  ?? ???????????)
• 5000 BC ????????????
  ???????????????????????????????
• 4000,2600 BC ?????????? ??????
  ?????????? ?????? ??????????????
• 1100 BC ??????
  ?????????????????????????????????
• 350 BC ???????
  ????????????????????????????????????
• 325 BC ?????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????
• 280 ?.?. ???? ????????
  ?????????????????????????????
• 1776 ?.?. ???? ????
  ??????????????????????????????????
• ????????? 17-18 -
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????
• 1869 Gulilck and Urwick -
  ??????????????????? ?????????????????????? ???
  POSDCORB
• 1881 Frederick W.Taylor
  ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
  ?????????????
• 1920 Max Weber -
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????
• 1925 Henri Fayol -
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
• 1985 Edward Deming -
  ???????????????????????? ISO???????????????????
  TQM
• 1990 Micheal Hammer - ???????????????????
  ?????????? ?????????????? Re-engineering
• 2005 Peter F. Drucker -
  ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ? (MBO)

8
?????????????????????????????(Classical
Perspective)

• ??????????? 3 ???
• ??????????????????????? (Scientific management)
• ?????????????????????? (Bureaucratic management)
• ????????????????????????? (Administrative
  management)

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1. ????????????????????????????

• ???????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????? ????????????????????????????
  ???????
• ?????? ?????????????????????????????
• Frederick W. Taylor (Frederick W.Taylor,1881)
• ????????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????

10

• ???????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????
  ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?
• ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????? 4 ?????? ??????????????????????????
  Taylor
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ?????????? ?????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????

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• ???????????????? Taylor
• ?????????????????????????? ???????????
  ?????????????
• ??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????? ??????? Put
  the right man in the right job
• ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????? (Method and Tools)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ??????? ?????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ????????

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?????????????????????????? Henry L.Gantt

• Henry L. Gantt ??????????????????? ?????????????
  Taylor ????????????????????????????? ????
  ???????????????????????????????????????(Training)
  ???????????????????(Motivation)
• ???????? Gantt ??????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  Grant chart ???? Barchart ?????????? PERT
  (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)
• ????????????????????? Bonus ??? Gantt ????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????

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2. ???????????????????????? Weber

• Max Weber(1906 1920) ???????????????????????
• ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ??
• ???????????????? ???? ?????????????????????/??
  ??????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????
• ???????????????? ????????????????????????????
  ???????????
• ?????????? ???????????????? 6 ??????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????

14
?????????????????????????? Max Weber

• ?????????????????????????? ( Horizontal
  Delegation) ??????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????? (
  Authority Hierarchy) ????????? ???
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????? ( Formal Selection )
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????/??????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ( Evidence and Reference )
• ???????????????????? ?????????? ( Formal Rules
  and Regulations ) ??????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????
  ??????????
• ??????????????????????????? ( Impersonality )
  ???????????/???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????/????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????? ( Career
  Orientation ) ??????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ????????????/???????????????????????
  ???? ?

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3. ????????????????????????? Henri Fayol(1925)

• ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????
  ????
• ????????????????????????????????
• Henri Fayol ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??
• ????????? Fayol
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????

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• Fayol ???????????????????????????? 6 ?????
• ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????
• ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????
• ??????????? ??????????? ????????????????
• ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  ?
• ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????
• ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????
  ?????????????????????
• ???????????????? Fayol
• ???????????????
• ????????????????????????????
• ????????????
• ??????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????

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• ???????????????????????????????? 11.
  ???????????
• ???????????
  12. ????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????
  13. ??????????????
• ?????????????
  14. ???????????
• ???????????????????????????? Fayol
• ????????? (Planning)
• ???????????? (Organizing)
• ?????????????? (Command)
• ???????????? (Co-ordination)
• ????????? (Control)

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• Oliver Sheldon ??????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????
• Sheldon ????????????? ???? 3 ??????
• ????????? (Administration)
• ????????????????????????????????? ?????????
  ????????????????????????? ?
• ????????? (Management)
• ????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????
• ??????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????

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????????????????????????? Gulilck and Urwick
????????????????????????????????????????????? ???
POSDCORB

• P (Planning) ????????? ?????????????????????????
  ?
• ???????????????????????
  ????????????
• O (Organizing) ????????????? ???????????????????
  ?????????????
• 
  ?????????????????/?????????????????????
• S (Staffing) ?????????????? ???????????
  ???????????????????????
• D (Directing) ?????????? ??????????????????????
  ????????????????
• CO (Co-ordinating) ????????????
• R (Reporting) ??????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????
• B (Budgeting) ????????????????
  ????????????-??????????????????

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• ???????????????????? Herri Fayol (1925)
• ????????? (Planning)
• ???????????? (Organizing)
• ?????????????? (Command)
• ???????????? (Co-ordination)
• ????????? (Control)
• ?????????????????????????? Peter F.Drucker (2005)
  
• ????????? (Planning)
• ???????????? (Organizing)
• ?????/????? (Leading)
• ????????? (Control)

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• ????????????????????(????????????)???
  Drucker (1954 - 2005)
• 1) Planning
• ????????? ?????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????
• 2) Organizing
• ?????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????
• 3) Leading
• ????? ????????????? ????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????
• 4) Controlling
• ????????? ????????????????????
  ??????? ????????? 1) ?????????????????????????????
  ?????? 2) ???????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? ??? 3) ??????????????????????????????

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2. ????????????????????????????????????(Human
Relations)

• ????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
  ???????????????????????? ?????
• Elton Mayo ????????????????? (?? 1880 1949)
  ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? Harvard University
• ????????????? Howthorne study ????????????????????
  ?????????????????? Western Electric
  ????????????????
• 1. ??????????????????? ????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????
• 2. ????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
• 3. ????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ????????????????????????????????????

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• ?????????????????????????????????? Maslow(1954)
• Abraham Maslow ?????????????????????????????????
  ?
• ?????????????????????(Physiological needs)
• ??????????????????????(Safety needs)
• ????????????????????(Social needs)
• ?????????????????/??????(Esteem needs)
• ?????????????????????????????????(Growth needs)
• Douglas McGregor(1964) ?????????????????????????
  ???
• ????? X
• ????? Y

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• ?????????????????????? X
• ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????
• ????????????? ??????? ???????????????????
  ????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????
• ?????????????????????? Y
• ????????
• ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????

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3. ?????????????????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? ?????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????? 3 ??????????
• ???????????????????? (Management Science)
• ??????????????????? (Operation Management)
• ????????????????????? (Management Information
  System
• MIS)

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• ????????????????????????????????????????????
• 1. ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????
• 2. ???????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ?
• ????????????????????????????????
• 3. ???????????(Model)??????????????(Simulati
  on) ???????????????
• ??????????????????????
• 1. ????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? ???????????
• ??????????????????????
• 2. ??????????????????? ????????????????????
  ?????? ????????????? ????
• ?????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????
• 1. ?????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ???????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????
  ??
• 2. ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????

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4. ??????????????????????????/????????

• ??????????????????????????????? ?
  ????????????????
• ?????????????????????????? ?????? USA ??? Japan
• ???????????? ? ?????????????? ????
• ?????????????????????????? (Management by
  objective MBO)
• ??????????????? (Quality control QC and QCC)
• ??????????????? (Reengineering)
• ?????????????????? 5 ?
• ???????????????? ????????????????????????(Best
  Practices)

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• ????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????
• ????????????????????
• ???????????? 2 ????????
• ?????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????
• ???????????? ??????????????????????
  ????????????????????????
• ????????? 2 ??????
• 1. ???????????????????? (Formal
  organization)
• 2. ??????????????????????? (Informal
  organization)

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• ????????????? ???????????????
• ???????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????? ?????????????
• ????????????????????? ???????????????????????
• ??????????????????
• ????????????? ??????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????? ??????????????
• ????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????

30

• ????????????? ????????????? 3 ??????
• ???????????????????????????????? (Job
  specialization)
• ?????????? (Task dimensions)
• ????????????????? (Job descriptions)
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????? 5 ??????
• ???????????????? (Skill variety)
• ??????????????? (Task identity)
• ??????????????? (Task significance)
• ??????????? (Autonomy)
• ?????????????? (Feedback)

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?????????????????????????

• ???????????????????????????????????????? ?? 2
  ????????
• ???????????????????????????? (Tall organizational
  structure)
• ???????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????
• ????? ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????
• ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????
• ???????????????????????????? (Flat organizational
  structure)
• ??????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????
• 1. ?????
• ?????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????? ??????????????
• ???????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????
• ????????????????????

32

• 1. ????? Luther Gulick 2.
  ????? Frederick W.Taylor
• 3. ????? Henry L. Gantt 4.
  ????? FrankLillian Gilbreth
• 5. ????? Max Weber 6.
  ????? Henri Fayol
• 7. ????? Elton Mayo 8.
  ????? Abraham Maslow
• 9. ????? Frederick Herzberg 10.
  ????? Dauglas McGregor
• 11. ????? Edward Damming 12. ?????
  Micheal Hammer
• 13. ????? Peter F.Drucker 14.
  ????? Oliver Sheldon
• 15. ????? Harrington Emerson 16. ?????
  Lyndall Urwick
• 17. ????? Chester Barnard 18.
  ????? Franklin D.Roosevelt
• 19. ????? Mary Parker Follett 20. ?????
  Hugo Munsterberg
• 21. ????? Robert E. Wood 22.
  ????? James Thompson
• 23. ????? William G.Ouchi Z 24. ?????
  Richard Johnson
• 25. ????? Thomas J.Peters 26.
  ????? Robert H.Waterman.Jr.

33

• 1. Early Management Thought (???????????????????
  ???????)
• 2. Classical Management Theory
  (?????????????????????)
• 3. Behavioral Management Theory
  (?????????????????????????)
• 4. Management Science Theory
  (????????????????????????????)
• 5. Contemporary Management Theory
  (??????????????????????)
• 6. Systems Theory (?????????????)
• - Daniel Kats, James Thompson, Robert
  kahn
• 7. Contingency Theory (?????????????????)
• - Tom Burns , G.M.Stalker, Paul Lawrence ,
  Jay Lorsch
• 7. In Search of Excellence (????????????????????
  )
• 8. Reengineering the corporation(???????????????
  ??????)
• 9. DecisionMarking Theory (???????????????? )
• 10. The management Science Theory (
  ???????????????????)