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Introduction to Computer Systems Engineering

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Introduction to Computer Engineering; page 1. ET4 ... Docents: Stamatis Vassiliadis / Georgi N. Gaydadjiev ... 1943/46 J. Mauchly et al - ENIAC (18,000 tubes) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Introduction to Computer Systems Engineering


1
Introduction to Computer Systems Engineering
  • Stamatis Vassiliadis / Georgi N. Gaydadjiev/
    Georgi Kuzmanov
  • Computer Engineering Laboratory
  • EEMCS
  • Delft University of Technology

2
Introduction
  • Code ET4246
  • Docents Stamatis Vassiliadis / Georgi N.
    Gaydadjiev
  • E-mails stamatis_at_ce.et.tudelft.nl /
    georgi_at_ce.et.tudelft.nl /
  • G.Kuzmanov_at_ewi.tudelft.nl
  • URLs ce.et.tudelft.nl/stamatis /
    ce.et.tudelft.nl/georgi /
  • ce.et.tudelft.nl/george
  • Exam pass/fail, multiple-choice
  • Office 15.250 / 15.320 / 15.280
  • office hours 1145-1245 after class or after
    appointment
  • Things youll be learning
  • what the Computer Engineering field is, a basic
    foundation
  • what are the basic components and the main ideas
    used
  • prepare you for the courses to follow
  • Book Lecture Notes ET4246
  • Additional reading see Recommended Literature
    list in the lecture notes

3
Typical Lecture Format
  • 20 minutes Lecture
  • 5 minutes Questions
  • 15 minutes Lecture
  • 5 minutes Questions
  • If you have no questions then 45 minutes
    lecture!!!!
  • OUR GOALS
  • Show you what the basic concepts are
  • Show you how those concepts are applied to
    computers
  • NOT to talk at you
  • so...
  • ask questions
  • come to office hours
  • find us in the Computer Engineering Lab (15th
    floor)
  • ...

4
ET4 246 in context
  • Prerequisites
  • BSc in Computer Science or
  • BSc in Electrical Engineering
  • This course will introduce you to the main topics
  • System software
  • Hardware
  • Design Tools
  • Follow-on courses see your MSc program

5
Where we are headed?
  • Software (Chapter 2) Compilers and Operating
    Systems
  • Hardware (Chapter 3) From Architecture down to
    logic design
  • VLSI Design Tools and methodologies (Chapter 4)
    how the physical machines are realized
  • Key to passing the exam reading the lecture
    notes!

6
Why studying Computer Engineering?
  • To become a computer designer
  • Computer Engineers designed your computer and
    more
  • To understand how computing systems operate and
  • Write better system Software (Compilers, O/S
    etc.)
  • Design complex computer based systems
  • Create new applications for computing systems
  • Because it is intellectually fascinating!
  • Computer is the most complex man-made device

7
What Computer Engineers Do?
  • Apply
  • computing, mathematics and engineering
    theories and principles to the
  • design of
  • computer hardware, software, networks and
    computerized equipment
  • to solve technical problems
  • in diverse application domains.

8
Computer- as we know it now
Did computers always looked like this?
display
network connection
keyboard
Will computers always look like that?
9
The first known computing device
Built around 87 B.C.
Discovered in 1901
Used for astronomical calculations
Sophisticated 20 gears assembly
Knowledge completely lost
10
History
  • 76 B.C. - Antikythera mechanism
  • 1642 Blaise Pascal - calculating machine
  • 1800s Babbadge analytical engine
  • 1930s 1940s electromechanical computers
  • 1937 J. Atanasoff / C. Berry ABC (first
    electronic computer)
  • 1943/46 J. Mauchly et al - ENIAC (18,000 tubes)
  • 1945 J von Neumann von Neumann architecture
  • 1948, 1958 transistor IC invention
  • 1960s transistor based computers
  • 1971 Intel 4004 the first GP microprocessor
  • The modern computer era started

11
History (software)
  • 1800s Ada Byron concepts of branches and loops
  • 1945 Konrad Zuse Plankalkul (first algorithmic
    language)
  • 1949 J. Mauchly Short Code (first HLL)
  • 1951 G. Hopper the first compiler
  • 1957 J. Backus FORTRAN
  • 1960s IBM virtual machine concept
  • 1968 N. Wirth Pascal
  • 1970s ATT - UNIX
  • 1972 D. Ritchie et al C
  • 1987 A. Tanenbaum MINIX (open source clone of
    UNIX)
  • 1991 L. Torvalds Linux

12
Classes of Computing Devices
  • Supercomputer 5-20 million
  • Mainframe 0.5-4 million
  • Server 10-200 thousand
  • PC/Workstation 1-10 thousand
  • Game console 300-1000
  • Embedded device 1-100
  • Future disposable 1-100 cents

13
Computers Turing view
14
Solving Computational Problems
Problem
Solutions
15
Abstraction
  • Difference between interface and implementation
  • Interface WHAT something does
  • Implementation HOW it does so

16
Abstraction simple example
  • 21 Multiplexer (MUX)
  • Interface
  • Implementations
  • Gates (fast or slow), pass transistors

X
Y
Mux
S
F
17
Abstraction and Complexity
  • Abstraction helps to manage complexity
  • Complex interfaces
  • Specify what to do
  • Hide details of how

Design Tools and Methodologies
  • Main goal remove magic

18
Why is Abstraction important?
  • Complex interfaces implemented by layers below
  • Abstraction hides detail
  • Hundreds of engineers build one product
  • Shorter development times
  • Complexity unmanageable otherwise

19
Computer Engineering
  • Exercise in engineering tradeoff analysis
  • Find the fastest/cheapest/power-efficient/etc.
    solution
  • Optimization problem with 1000s of variables
  • All the variables are changing continuously
  • At non-uniform rates
  • With inflection points
  • Only one guarantee Todays right answer will be
    wrong tomorrow!
  • Two high-level effects
  • Technology Push
  • Application Pull

20
Technology Push
  • What do these two intervals have in common?
  • 1700s-1999 (300 years)
  • 2000-2001 (2 years)
  • Answer Equal progress in processor speed!
  • The power of exponential growth!
  • Driven by Moores Law
  • Devices per chip doubles every 18-24 months
  • Computer engineers work to turn the additional
    resources into speed/power savings/functionality!

21
Moore's Law
  • Moores law is good for many years!

22
Technology Push
  • Technology advances at varying rates
  • E.g. DRAM capacity increases at 60 / year
  • But DRAM speed only improves 10 / year
  • Creates gap with processor frequency!
  • Inflection points
  • Crossover causes rapid change
  • E.g. enough devices for single-chip processor
  • Imminent system on a chip (SoC) and chip
    multiprocessors (CMP)
  • Imminent clock signal cannot reach entire chip

23
Application Pull
  • Corollary to Moores Law
  • Cost halves every two years
  • In a decade you can buy a computer for less than
    its sales tax today. Jim Gray
  • Computing devices cost-effective for
  • Enterprise computing banking, stock exchange
  • Departmental computing computer-aided design
  • Personal computer spreadsheets, email, web
  • Embedded systems look around you

24
Application Pull
  • What about the future?
  • E.g. weather forecasting computational demand
  • Applications that are not cost-effective today
  • Virtual reality
  • Teleconferencing
  • New Web technologies
  • Global Wireless Networks
  • Proactive (beyond interactive) devices
  • This is your job!

25
Performance vs. Design Time
  • Time to market is very important (almost
    critical)
  • E.g. , new design development may take 3 years
  • It will be 3 times faster than other
  • But if technology improves 50 / year
  • In 3 years 1.53 3.375
  • So the new design is worse than existing ones!
  • (unless it also employs new technology)

26
Bottom Line
  • Designers must know BOTH software and hardware
  • Their contribution to the layers of abstraction
  • IC costs / performance aspects
  • Compilers and Operating Systems
  • Design Tools and new Design Methods

27
Current trends
  • Parallelism in microprocessors
  • Multithreaded execution
  • SIMD parallelism
  • Explicit instruction-level parallelism
  • Reconfigurable computing
  • Low-power portable computing
  • Reducing the energy consumed by microprocessors
  • Computing in laptops, handheld devices, watches
    (e.g. IBMs Linux watch project!), sensors
    (ambient computing),
  • Internetworking and ubiquity
  • Services available over wired or wireless
    networks

28
Final Notes
  • Next week - Compilers / Operating Systems
  • Lecture notes will be available
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