Sponsored by:

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Sponsored by ASPRS Primary Data Acquisition
Division ISPRS Commission I, Working Group VI
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• Geospatial Information
• Information Goals
• why, when, what, where, who, how?
• Film vs. Digital
• Spatial Resolution
• Positional Accuracy
• Spectral Accuracy
• Calibration
• Metadata
• Costs

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• INFORMATION GOALS
• Interpretation vs. Classification
• SPATIAL
• resolution
• positional accuracy
• SPECTRAL
• automated
• bands
• bandwidth
• interpreted
• TEMPORAL
• Change detection

                                                
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1 meter resolution
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6 resolution
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Film vs.. Digital
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Spatial Resolution Ground Sample
Distance NIIRS http//www.fas.org/irp/imint/niirs_
c/guide.htm
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Resolution - interpretation - identification
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Resolution - interpretation - identification
1.6m
0.80m
0.40m
0.20m
0.10m
0.05m
0.03m
0.01m
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Resolution - interpretation - identification
12.8m
6.4m.
3.2m
1.6m
0.80m
0.40m
0.20m
0.10m
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Positional Accuracy
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Accuracy
Airborne digital sensor ADS40
Analog aerial camera RC30
Best achievable geo-referencing accuracy 10 cm
x, y, z at GSD 15 cm
Best achievable point accuracy 3-4 cm x, y,
z at photo scale 11,500
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• Positional Accuracy Factors
• GPS accuracy
• IMU accuracy
• DEM sources
• USGS topos
• LIDAR
• Ground Survey Markers

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• Positional Terms
• Georeference
• Geolocate one
• point on image
• Georegister
• rubber sheeting

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• Positional Terms contd
• Terrain Correction
• DEM
• Ortho Correction
• photogrammetric

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Elevation Correction During Processing
Elevation corrected GeoTIFF file produced
automatically using DGPS and IMU data in
conjunction with USGS DEM data
Cheesman Reservoir, CO

1-meter-per-pixel resolution
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Improved Alignment With Elevation Corrected Data
GeoTIFF files processed with elevation data.
Notice improved scene-to-scene alignment,
especially along diagonal utility line
GeoTIFF files processed without elevation data
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Spectral Accuracy
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Spectral Image Resolution Bandwidth Number of
bands
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Spectral band filters
Legend 1 Grass 2 Lime Stone 3 Sand, dry 4 Snow,
old 5 Fir tree 6 Asphalt, wet 7 Water
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Cloud Free?
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Todays Airborne Digital Mapping
Multi-spectral Mapping Cameras
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Sensor Head SH40
Leica

• 3 panchromatic CCD lines each 2 x 12,000 pixels,
  staggered by 3.25 ?m
• 4 multispectral CCD lines, each 12,000 pixels
• Pixel size 6.5 ?m x 6.5 ?m
• Field of view (FoV) or swath angle 64
• Focal length 62.77 mm
• Stereo angles 14, 28, 42

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Panchromatic and spectral band filters
Panchromatic backwards
NIR band
Panchromatic nadir
Blue band
Green band
Red band
Panchromatic forward
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Swath width of different sensors at same GSD
ADS40
Typical digital frame camera
GSD 20cm Swath 2.4 km Flight
lines 1
GSD 20 cm Swath 0.9 km Flight
lines 3
Swath of ADS40with 2x12k staggered CCD lines
Swath of 4K surface array camera
Swath width
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Z/I DMC -4 7kx4k pan -4 3kx2k MS -840Gbyte recorde
rs
Zeiss/Intergraph
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Vexcel
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Applanix/Emerge Camera
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Costs? Leica ADS40 2,000,000 Zeiss DMC
1,600,000 Applanix DSS 900,000 Vexcel
Ultracam 600,000 ADS 8K
385,000 DiMAC 356,000
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Camera Calibration Developers- yes Contracting- no

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CAMERA METADATA
Dont DUCK Metadata!
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Data Processing

• All information is stored on a removable hard
  drive and processed into geo-referenced, terrain
  corrected,band-registered imagery in less than 40
  seconds per scene
• Data processing takes place on PC computers

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Platforms Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Balloons/Blimp
s Helicopters Cessna 172s Piper Senecas Beech
King Airs Learjets U-2s/SR-71s
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GeoTechnologies 4K Osprey Heliport
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Illicit Plant Identification
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Applications Corridor Mapping
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Applications Forest Differentiation
Hardwood / Softwood Distinction
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Freshwater mixing with saltwater
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Complementing strengths
Airborne digital sensors
Spaceborne sensors (Hi-Resolution)

• Data on demand
• Can operate in adverse weather conditions(
  flying under clouds )
• Adaptable resolution0.1 - 0.8 m Pan0.2 - 1.6 m
  Multispectralby changing flying height
• Stereo imagery is inherent

• Fixed orbit (450-650 km)
• Availability is weather dependent

• Fixed resolution 0.8 m Pan4.0 m Multispectral
• Known cost per scene
• Stereo on demand

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Satellite Systems
http//commavail.noaa.gov/controlcenter.cfm?ft0

• all civil land imaging satellites to be in orbit
  by 2010.
• Optical, 26 in orbit, 21 planned
• Radar, 3 in orbit, 9 planned,
• 2 Resolution Groups
• 19 hi rez - 0.5 to 1.8 meter
• 40 mid rez - 2 to 36 meter

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Satellite Systems contd

• Coverage
• Hi-res swaths - 10 to 20 km
• Mid-res swaths - 120 to 185 km
• except DMCs - 600 km swaths
• Only 10 satellites are privately funded, 4 US, 2
  Israeli, and 4 German. The current private
  systems depend heavily on military sales.
• European satellites - Dual Purpose military
  and civil users.

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Spatial Coverage
Landsat
ASTER, 1/2SPOT
QuickBird
IKONOS
OrbView-3
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Hyperspectral
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AVIRIS
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1989 ITRES CASI Hyperspectral
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RADAR
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RADARSAT
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NASA JPL AIRSAR
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GEOSAR
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LIDAR
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Nautical Charts Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
SHOALS - Nautical Charts - Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
SHOALS - Nautical Charts - Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
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LIDAR

• Puget Sound

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REFERENCES
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http//www.asprs.org/WGL/publib.cfm
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NASA CARSTAD SENSOR LIBRARY
http//CARSTAD.gsfc.nasa.gov CARSTAD Center for
Airborne Remote Sensing and Technology and
Applications Development
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FUTURE GIS DRIVEN!

• Bigger Sensors/Chips (but how soon?)
• More Airborne Applications
• UAVs
• Hyperspectal? (practical for large areas?)
• IMU/GPS referencing
• Telemetry and Real-time Processing
• More Global Earth Observation Satellites
• Automated Image Classification ecognition
• More Thermal?

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Predator
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