Offshore Wind in the Middle Atlantic

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Offshore Wind in the Middle Atlantic

• Willett Kempton
• College of Marine and Earth Studies
• University of Delaware

From Local to Global conference in RI 19 April
2007
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Alternatives to fossil fuels

• Energy efficiency and conservation
• Lowest cost, low pollution
• May hold down growth
• But we still need electric power
• Our group at U of Delaware has decided to focus
  on wind, as it seems to be the nearest term,
  large scale, replacement for fossil fuels

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UD Offshore Wind Group

• College of Marine and Earth Studies (CMES),
  working with Engineering, Geography, Policy
  Collaborations with scientists across US and EU
  dialogue with industry
• Core faculty Firestone, Garvine, Kempton, D.
  Veron, plus six more consulting faculty
• About 6 -9 graduate students
• Support from DE Energy Office, Sea Grant (NOAA),
  anticipated ramp up (x 4) to Federal funding to
  assess entire US Eastern Seaboard

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Pick on cost, resources
Herzog, et al, Environment, Vol. 43 No. 10
(December 2001)
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More windy higher up
Text
from Garvine and Kempton 2007
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Wind, a geophysical flow

• Others ocean currents, geostrophic winds
• Why attractive? Because ...
• ... they are abundant
• they produce few environmental effects
• higher conversion efficiency than solar

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Example offshore system layout from Søren Juel
Petersen, Rambøll Wind Energy (talk at UD, 2 Oct
06)
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Offshore Class Machines

• RePower 5M (shown), installed in 45 m of water
• GE 3.6s (3 years in water)
• Vestas V90/3.0 (2 years)
• Siemens 3 MW (prototyping)
• Clipper 7 MW (planned)

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Rating wind power

• Average output CF rated power
• Rated power a 5 MW turbine can produce a
  maximum of 5,000 kW or 5,000,000 watts
• Capacity factor (CF) depends on the wind typical
  in our area .40 offshore, .33 onshore
• So, a 5 MW turbine, offshore, will produce on
  average 2 MW
• On an average hour, it produces 2 MWh, on an
  average day, 48 MWh.

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Offshore wind profile (Repower 5M)
90 Day power output profile
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from Dhanju, Whitaker Kempton
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from Dhanju, Whitaker Kempton
Compare DE generation max now is 3,390 MW
Average DE use is 1,300 MW value of wind gt
2B/year
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Bluewater Wind Proposed Offshore DE Wind
Farm Three proposed alternative locations
Courtesy of Bluewater Wind
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For perspective

• 600 MW wind would be biggest offshore wind farm
  in world (for now)
• Worldwide solar PV installations 1,000 MW
• Total DE power use 1300 MW avg
• At 39 CF, 600MW would provide 18 of DEs
  electricity, but use only 3 of its wind resource

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How about the whole East Coast?

• Dense urban corridor, Boston to N.Carolina
• Major fraction of US CO2 emissions, 73 GW
  electricity, 29 GW automobiles, 83 GW building
  heat
• Little wind power on land
• But, cities close to coast, offshore wind

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The area of each circle is proportional to the
wind power available, i.e., the cube of the wind
speed. (Garvine and Kempton 2006)
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Wind Resources of US Mid-Atlantic
from Kempton, Archer, Dhanju, Garvine and
Jacobson, 2007, Geophysical Research Letters.
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Compare to fossil
297/(1838) 5 times more wind power than oil
gas
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Needs vs. Resource
All of electricity, cars and heating uses 2/3 of
the wind resource, dropping regional CO2 by 68.
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Thats a lot of wind turbines!

• 73 GW meets average output, 108 GW is all
  electric plus all cars
• Assume that each wind turbine is 5 MW nameplate
  at 40 CF, so 2 MW average output
• Requires 54,000 wind turbines for mid-Atlantic
• (Or 450GW, 225,000 turbines for whole US)
• Can we do this in 50 years?
• Have we ever done anything like this before?

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B-24E (Liberator), 1942
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WW II Aircraft Production(1,000s)
And thats not to mention all the tanks, ships
guns!
54,000 for East Coast by year 4
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WW II Aircraft Production(1,000s)
And thats not to mention all the tanks, ships
guns!
54,000 for East Coast by year 4
225,000 for all US by year 6
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Managing power fluctuations

• Needed at higher penetration (gt25?)
• General strategies
• More interruptable load, end-use storage
• Geographical distribution for more steady power
• Use existing thermal plants for backup
• After all those, build centralized storage

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PJM as Part of the Eastern Interconnection
KEY STATISTICS -PJM member companies
400 -Millions of people served 51 -Peak
load in megawatts 144,796 -MWs of generating
capacity 164,634 -Miles of transmission lines
56,070 -GWh of annual energy 728,000 -Generation
sources 1,271 -Square miles
of territory 164,260 -Area served 13
states DC
6,038 substations

• 26 of generation in Eastern Interconnection
• 23 of load in Eastern Interconnection
• 19 of transmission assets in Eastern
  Interconnection

• 19 of U.S. GDP produced in PJM

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Toyota Scion conversion by AC Propulsion
We plan to manufacture safety-certified electric
vehicle conversions and sell them to retail and
fleet customers. The conversions will be based on
the Scion xA and xB, the new sport compact
vehicles built by Toyota...
We plan two models, a base model, and a premium
with a larger battery. The base model will
outperform the RAV4 EV and is expected to sell
for about the same price.
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Vehicle to Grid
Arrows indicate direction of power flow
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Addressing Climate Change

• Offshore wind can make a difference
• Very large resource
• Possible to implement quickly -- if the political
  will and policies are there
• Strategy
• start with offshore wind now,
• Build more transmission inland
• expand conservation and responsive load
• develop other renewables

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More information

• Offshore wind research
• www.ocean.udel.edu/windpower
• Q A on Delawares offshore wind
• www.ocean.udel.edu/windpower/DE-Qs
• Climate change fact sheets for DE
• http//co2.cms.udel.edu/

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End