PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA I. Phylum Characteristics
A. Jointed appendages B. Metammeric
segmentation C. Body cavity hemocoel with
hemolymph D. Exoskeleton of chitin molting
ecdysis E. Metamorphosis
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
A. Characteristics 1. Chitinous
exoskeleton with calcium deposits 2.
2 pr. antennae antenna and antennule
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
A. Characteristics 3. biramous
appendages
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
A. Characteristics 4. head and thorax
often fused covered with carapace
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
A. Characteristics 5. compound eyes
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
A. Characteristics 6. mandibulate
mouthparts -- mandibles -- maxillae (2
pr.) -- maxillipeds (3 pr.)
maxilliped
maxillae
mandibles
KEY 5 mandibles 3 4 maxillae 6 maxilliped
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
B. Reproduction and Development -- often
exhibit maternal care
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
B. Reproduction and Development -- egg
hatches into nauplius larva (usually 2 stages)
-- growth is by molting -- immature
stages between molts instars
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda the copepods a. General morphology
and development
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda the copepods
5 copepodid stages
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda the copepods IH for
Diphyllobothrium spp. Proteocephalus
ambloplites Dracunculus mediensis Gnathostom
a
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda the copepods parasitic copepods
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda b. Ergasilus --
ectoparasite of freshwater fish --
antennules modified for grasping attach to gill
filament
Ergasilus
Free-living copepods
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda b. Ergasilus --
ectoparasite of freshwater fish --
antennules modified for grasping attach to gill
filament
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda b. Ergasilus --
ectoparasite of freshwater fish --
antennules modified for grasping attach to gill
filament -- abdomen reduced capable of
swimming -- maxillipeds modified for
slicing tissue
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda b. Ergasilus Life cycle
-- eggs released nauplius and all 5
copepodid stages free living -- only females
are parasitic enlarged egg sacs
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda c. Caligus -- ectoparasite
on skin and gills of fish --
dorso-ventrally flattened abdomen reduced
capable of swimming -- attachment by
antennae, maxillipeds, and flattened carapace
-- mandibles slice food tube siphons up
tissue
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda c. Caligus Life cycle
-- both males and females parastic --
females with enlarged egg sacs -- eggs
released ? nauplius ? copepodid
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• PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
• II. Subphylum Crustacea
• C. Taxonomy
• 1. Class (subclass) Copepoda
• c. Caligus
• Life cycle
• -- copepodid attaches to fish host
• Maxillipeds used to excavate cavity
• Head end inserted frontal filament extruded
  attached to head copepodid back out reeling out
  frontal filament
• molts into chalimus larva
• 4 chalimus stages ? adult
• -- adult detaches from frontal
• filament crawls over host and
• feeds

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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda c. Caligus Life cycle
-- only a health problem when fish are
crowded -- can cause severe die offs because
of gill damage
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda d. Lernaea anchor worm parasite
of fish -- attachment is by anchor
modified cephalothorax --
adult has lost all external
arthropod characteristics
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda d. Lernaea anchor worm parasite
of fish Life cycle -- eggs
released ? naulpius ? 2 free-living copepodid
stages -- settles on fish gills/skin ?
last 3 copepodid stages parasitic --
adult female is copepod-like initially (1.5 mm
long) -- burrows head end into host
-- sheds exoskeleton loses all segmentation
and appendages -- transforms into
parasite (12 mm long)
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda d. Lernaea anchor worm parasite
of fish Life cycle -- anchor
causes hemorrhage secondary infection
-- very lethal in crowded conditions
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda e. Salmincola -- adult
females attach to fish host by non-living bulla
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda e. Salmincola Life
cycle -- egg ? nauplius ? 1st copepodid
-- attach to host with antennae and maxilla
maxillipeds excavate cavity -- frontal
filament extruded, attached to head, backs out
-- ? chalimus ? 4 chalimus stages final
chalimus with large frontal organ --
4th stage chalimus breaks free, crawls over host,
excavates cavity with antennae and
mouthparts extrudes bulla -- maxillae
cemented to bulla creates radius around which
adult female feeds
maxilla
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda e. Salmincola Life
cycle -- female loses all external
arthropod characteristics -- males also
develop from chalimus crawl over host no bulla
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda e. Salmincola Life
cycle -- bulla causes hemorrhage
infection -- fatal in crowded conditions
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda f. Lernaeocera -- parasite
of Atlantic cod (DH) and flounder (IH) --
attachment by anchor-like cephalothorax body is
external to host
body
gonads
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda f. Lernaeocera Life
cycle -- nauplius ? copepodid --
attaches to flounder ? chalimus -- adult
female detaches, free living -- attaches
to cod host -- radical metamorphosis all
arthropod characteristics lost
-- cephalothorax becomes root-like
anchor embedded in major blood vessel
or heart
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda f. Sarcotaces -- internal
parasite of fish encysted in muscles --
feeds on blood of host -- males very tiny
mashed against side of cyst -- most highly
modified of all copepods
gonads
head end
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 1. Class (subclass)
Copepoda f. Sarcotaces
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• PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
• II. Subphylum Crustacea
• C. Taxonomy
• 1. Class (subclass) Copepoda
• Trends in Evolution of Parasitic Copepods
• Special attachment devices modified moutparts
• Reduction in locomotor appendages
• Loss of external segmentation
• Increased reproductive output
• giganticism
• Reduction in number of free-living larvae
  development of parasitic larvae
• Increasing invasion of host tissues
  ectoparasitism ? endoparasitism

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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 2. Class Branchiura fish
lice -- all ectoparasites of fish -- all
dorso-ventrally flattened a. Argulus
Modified maxillae suction cups
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 2. Class Branchiura fish
lice -- all ectoparasites of fish -- all
dorso-ventrally flattened a. Argulus
proboscis
maxilla
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 2. Class Branchiura fish
lice -- all ectoparasites of fish -- all
dorso-ventrally flattened a. Argulus
Life cycle -- female detaches swims to
substrate lays eggs -- eggs hatch into
juvenile (no naupliar or larval stages)
-- swim to host
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 2. Class Branchiura fish
lice -- all ectoparasites of fish -- all
dorso-ventrally flattened a. Argulus
Life cycle -- cause great damage to
skin and gills of fish host
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 3. Class Cirripedia
barnacles
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 3. Class Cirripedia
barnacle life cycle
Cyprid cements antennae to substrate
cyprid
nauplius
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 3. Class Cirripedia
barnacles
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 3. Class Cirripedia a.
Sacculina carcini barnacle parasite of crabs
and lobsters
External gonadal mass
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 3. Class Cirripedia a.
Sacculina carcini barnacle parasite of crabs
and lobsters Life cycle --
external gonadal mass releases nauplius larvae
-- cyprid larva
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 3. Class Cirripedia a.
Sacculina carcini barnacle parasite of crabs
and lobsters Life cycle --
cyprid larva attaches to crab host by antennae
sheds abdomen, appendages, leg
muscles and most structures -- all is
shed except carapace and undifferentiated mass of
tissue ? kentrogon
kentrogon
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 3. Class Cirripedia a.
Sacculina carcini barnacle parasite of crabs
and lobsters Life cycle --
kentrogon functions as hypodermic syringe
injects tissue mass (or a single
cell) -- migrate to region above ventral
nerve cord grows proliferates throughout
hosts body
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 3. Class Cirripedia a.
Sacculina carcini barnacle parasite of crabs
and lobsters Life cycle --
central mass of parasite (female gonads) weakens
exoskeleton of crab breaks open
and central mass is extruded. -- gonadal
mass attracts male cyprids -- male
cyprid extrudes a mass of cells ? trichogon
Male cyprid extruding trichogon
trichogon
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA II. Subphylum Crustacea
C. Taxonomy 3. Class Cirripedia a.
Sacculina carcini barnacle parasite of crabs
and lobsters Life cycle --
trichogon migrates into receptacles in female and
produce sperm (cryptogonochorism)
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• PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
• II. Subphylum Crustacea
• C. Taxonomy
• 3. Class Cirripedia
• a. Sacculina carcini barnacle parasite of
  crabs and lobsters
• Life cycle
• -- parasites effects on host
• tissue and nerve damage
• prevents molting of host
• Parasite castration
• Feminization of host
• Crab treats gonadal mass as eggs
• Protects, grooms, ventilates parasite
• Undergoes spawning behavior
• when parasite is ready to release
• nauplius larvae
• Altered behavior exhibited by
• both male and female hosts