Psychology 375 Health Psychology

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Psychology 375Health Psychology

• Thomas A. Wrobel, Ph.D.
• Department of Psychology
• University of Michigan-Flint

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Chapter One

• Introducing Health Psychology

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I. Health and Health Psychology

• A. An Illness/Wellness Continuum
• B. Illness Today and In the Past
• Trends in Causes of Death
• C. What is Health?
• Physical, Psychological and Social Aspects

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II. Health and Illness Lessons from the Past

• A. Early Cultures
• B. Ancient Greece and Rome
• Hippocrates 460?-377? B.C.
• Galen 129?-200? A.D.
• C. Eastern Medicine
• C. The Middle Ages
• D. The Renaissance and After
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1623-1723)

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Health and Illness Lessons from the Past

• The Renaissance
• Reemergence of scientific inquiry
• Revitalization of medical study
• Andreas Vesalius (15141564)
• Published seven-volume study of anatomy
• Mindbody dualism philosophical viewpoint that
  mind and body are separate entities that do not
  interact
• René Descartes (Cartesian dualism)

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II. Health and Illness Lessons from the Past

• E. Nineteenth Century
• Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
• Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1943)
• F. Twentieth Century
• Psychosomatic Medicine
• Behavioral Medicine
• Health Psychology

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II. Health and Illness Lessons from the Past

• The Twentieth Century and the Dawn of a New Era
• Psychosomatic Medicine outdated branch of
  medicine focused on the diagnosis and treatment
  of physical diseases caused by faulty mental
  processes
• Started trend toward modern view of illness and
  health as multifactorial
• Interaction of host factors, environmental
  factors, behavioral factors, psychological
  factors
• Grounded in Freudian theory
• Based primarily on case study research
• Case study research method in which one person
  is studied in depth

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II. Health and Illness Lessons from the Past

• The Twentieth Century and the Dawn of a New Era
• Behavioral medicine interdisciplinary field
  that integrates behavioral and biomedical
  science in promoting health and treating disease
• Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning associating
  environmental stimuli that occur together in time
• Operant conditioning behavior is strengthened
  by reinforcement and weakened by punishment

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III. Trends

• A. Increased Life Expectancy
• Average life expectancy the number of years the
  average newborn is likely to live
• Increased by more than 20 years since 1900
• In the U.S. in 1999
• Women 79.7
• Men 73.8

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III. Trends

• B. The Rise of Lifestyle Disorders
• Leading causes of death in developed countries
  today differ from those in 1900 in two ways
• They are noncommunicable lifestyle diseases
  with preventable causes (e.g., heart disease and
  cancer)
• They are chronic disorders (rather than acute
  disorders) that people live with for many years

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III. Trends

• C. Beyond the Biomedical Model
• D. Rising Health Care Costs

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IV. Perspectives in Health Psychology

• A. Life-Span
• B. Sociocultural Perspective
• C. Gender
• D. Biopsychosocial

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IV. Perspectives in Health Psychology

• Sociocultural Perspective
• Theoretical perspective that focuses on how
  social and cultural factors contribute to health
  and disease
• Culture the enduring behaviors, values, and
  customs that a group of people transmit from one
  generation to the next
• Ethnic group large group of people who tend to
  have similar values and experiences because they
  share certain characteristics
• Socioeconomic status (SES) a measure of several
  variables, including income, education, and
  occupation

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IV. Perspectives in Health Psychology

• Gender Perspective
• Theoretical perspective that focuses on
  gender-specific health problems and barriers to
  health care
• Gender bias in diagnosis
• Underrepresentation of women as participants in
  medical research trials

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IV. Perspectives in Health Psychology

• Life-Course Perspective
• Theoretical perspective that focuses on
  age-related aspects of health and illness
• Birth cohort group of people who, because they
  were born at about the same time, experience
  similar historical and social conditions