Hardware

1
????? 1???????????????

• ????????? (Hardware)
• ????????? (Software)
• ?????????? (Peopleware)

HW
Read a,b c ab print c
SW
PW
2
????????????????????

• ????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????
• ??????????????????????

3
????????????????????????

• Analog Computer
• Digital Computer
• Hybrid Computer

????????
abc
DIGITAL
A/D
D/A
CONVERTER
4
??????????????????????

• ???????????????????????????? (Special purpose
  computer)
• Computer Temorgraphy (CT)
• ???????????? (General purpose computer)

5
??????????????????????

• Super Computer (Tera byte)
• Mainframe (Giga byte)
• Minicomputer (Mega byte)
• Microcomputer (Kilo byte)

6
??? ??? ????

• ??? (Bit) ??? ??????????????????????????????? 0
  ???? 1 ???????? Binary Digit
• ???? (Byte) ??? ??????????? ????? 6-8 ???
  ?????????????? ????? ???? ?????? 1 ???
  ??????????????????????????????????

7
????????????????????

• 1 Byte 6-8 Bit
• 1 Kbyte 210 Byte 1024 Byte
• 1 Mbyte 210 Kbyte
• 1 Gbyte 210 Mbyte

K Kilo ???? M Mega
???? G Giga ???? T
Tera ????
8
Supercomputer

• ??????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????? ????
  ???????????????

9
?????????????? (Mainframe)

• ???????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????
  ????
• ????????????????????????????? ???????????
• ???????? ??????????????????????

10
?????????????????????? (Mini computer)

• ??????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????? Centralized
• ??????????????????????????

11
???????????????? (Microcomputer)

• ???????????????????
• ?????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????

12
HARDWARE

• ?????????????? (Input Unit)
• ????????????????? (Central Processing Unit)
• ??????????? (Output Unit)
• ??????????? (Memory Unit or Storage Unit)

13
???????????????????? (Input Unit)

• ?????????????????????????????????????? (Online)
• ????????????????????????????????? (Off Line)

14
?????????????????????????????????????? (Online)

• Keyboard

?????????? ??????
CPU
??????
15
????????????????????????????????? (Off Line)

• ??????????????????? (Data entry device)
• Keypunch, Key to tape device, Key to disk device,
  Key to cassette
• ?????????????????
• Magnetic ink character recognition,
• Optical

16
????????????????????? Offline

• OFFLINE

O F F LINE
????????????? ??????
?????????? ??????
??????
??????????? ??????
CPU
17
?????????????? (input Unit)

• ????????? (Keyboard)
• ????? (Mouse)
• ?????????? (Scanner)
• ??????????????????? (Bar Code Reader)

18
?????????????? (input Unit)

• ???????????????????????? (Optical Character
  Reader)
• ???????????????? (Digitizer)
• ?????????????????? (VDO Camera)

19
????????????????? Processor

• ??????????? ????????????? ????? ???
  ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????????????????
• ???????????? ????????????????? ???? CPU Central
  Processing Unit ???? Processor
• ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ??? (Chip) ???? ????????????????
  Microprocessor

20
????????????????? (CPU Central Processing
Unit)

• ?????????? ??? ?????
  (ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit )
• ??????????? (CU Control Unit)

21
??????????? (Memory Unit or Storage Unit)

• ??????????????? (Main Memory)
• ROM Read Only Memory
• RAM Random Access Memory
• ???????????????? (Secondary Storage/Memory)
• SAS Sequential Access Storage
• DAS/RAS Direct/Random Access Storage

22
???????????????????????????

• Program Area
• I/O Area
• Working Area

23
????????????????????????
Processor
Storage
RAM
ROM
Output
CU
Keyboard
ALU
24
Main board
25
???????????????? (Register)

• ???????????????? (General Register)
• ??????????????? (Special Register)
• Accumulator Register
• Instruction Register
• Program Counter ???? Address register

26
???????????????

• PROGRAM

INPUT A,B C A B IF C gt 15 THEN
PRINT ELSE PRINT NUMBER IS LESS THAN 15 END
IF DATA 10,20 END
27
?????????????????? CPU
CPU

• MEMO

C A B
ACC REG
R1 R2 R3
c
ADDER
Control Unit
ADD-REG
IR-REG
28
Access Memory
0 1 2 3 4
1111 0001 1111 0010 1111 0011
5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14
29
???????????????????????????????

• ?????????????? ??? ?????????????

?????????????
??????????
CPU ------- MEMO
???????????
30
???????????????? ???? ?????????? (Secondary
Memory)

• SAS Sequential Access Storage
• ?????????? (Punch Card)
• - Card Reader
• - Card Punch
• ????????? (Paper Tape)
• ??????????? (Magnetic Tape)
• ??????? (Tape cassette)

31
DAS/RAS

• ??????????? (Magnetic Disk)
• ??????????????????????????????? (Disk drive)
• ????????????? (Diskette, Floppy Disk)
• ????????????????????????????? (Diskette drive)
• Hard disk ???? Fixed disk
• ??? CD-ROM

32
???????????
33
??????????????????
34
????????????
?????????
????????????????????
35
??????????????
36
??????????????????

• Inter record Gap
• Block
• Physical record
• logical record

Record 1
Record 2
Record 3
Interrecord Gap
Interblock Gap
R1 R2 R3
Logical Record
Physical Record
37
???????????????????????????
38
DAS Direct Access Storage

• Megnetic Disk
• Diskette
• Hard disk or Fixed disk
• CD-ROM
• Flash Drive

39
?????????????? (Magnetic disk)
40
?????????????????????

• Tracks ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ??????? ???????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ???????????????
• Sector ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? ???? ??????????????????? 128 byte ???
  1 Kb
• Cylinder ????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ????? ????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? 200 ?????????? ?????? 200 Cylinder
• Surface ????????????????????? 1 ?????? 2 ???????

41
????????????????
42
Hard disk Flash Drive
43
??????? CD-ROM

• CD-ROM

• ????????????????????????????? ????????
  ??????????????????????? ???????

44
???????????????????????????? (OUTPUT UNIT)

• ??????????? CRT, VDO, TERMINAL, MONITOR
• ???????????? (Printer)
• Impack printer Dot matrix, Line printer
• Non- impack printer Thermal printer, Page
  printer, Laser printer
• ?????????? (Plotter), ????? (Speaker)

45
??????????????????????

• Soft copy
• Hard copy

46
Software

• ??????? (Program) ???????????????????????????????
  ??????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????

47
???????????????

• ??????????? (Machine Language)
• ????????????? (Assembly Language)
• ???????????? (High Level Language)
• ??????????????? (Fourth Generation Language)

48
??????????? (Machine Language)

• ??????????????????
• ????????????? CPU ????????????????????????????????
  ??
• ???????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????

49
????????????? (Assembly Language)

• ?????????????????????????????????????
  0001101000110100 ??????? AR 3,4
• Symbolic Language
• Assembler

50
???????????? (High Level Language)

• ?????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????
• 1 ????????????????????????????????????????
• Compiler

51
??????????????? (4 GL)

• ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????
• SQL, DB2

52
Assembler Compiler

• L 3,A
• L 4,B
• AR 3,4
• ST 3,C

• 01011000 00110000
• 11000000 00000000
• 01011000 01000000
• 11000000 00000100
• 00011010 00110100
• 01010000 00110000
• 11000000 00001000
• Machine Language

53
Cobol Compiler

• 01011000 00110000
• 11000000 00000000
• 01011000 01000000
• 11000000 00000100
• 00011010 00110100
• 01010000 00110000
• 11000000 00001000
• Machine Language

• ADD A TO B GIVING C

54
????????? Software

• System software
• Operating System OS
• Processing Program
• Language Translator
• Utilities Program

• Application Program
• Special Purpose Program
• Software Package
• Word processor
• Worksheet
• Database

55
?????????????? (Operating System)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????
• ???????????
• ??????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????? ???????????????
• ????????????????????, ???????????, ?????????

56
??????????????? (Application Program)

• ????????????????????? ??????????????????????
• ????? ???? ???????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? ????????????????

57
?????????????????? Hardware ??? Software

• USER

COMMAND LANGUAGE PROCESSOR
USER
OPERATING SYSTEM
FILE SYSTEM
EDITORS
COMPUTER HARDWARE
LANGUAGE PROCESSOR
CPU
MEMORY
APPLICATION PROGRAMS
WORD PROCESSOR, GRAPHICS PACKAGE, GRAMES
DEVICE
COMMUNICATION SUPPORT
LOADER
USER
USER
58
?????????????????? (People ware)

• ?????????????? (Administration)
• Electronic Data Processing manager EDP
• ???????????? (Technical)
• System Analyst and Designer, Programmer
• ??????????????? (Operation)
• Computer Operator
• Keypunch Operator, Data Entry