North Carolina Wind Energy Projects

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North Carolina Wind Energy Projects
Small Scale Wind Technology
Raleigh Wind Summit September 20, 2005 Dennis
Scanlin

• Tennessee Wind Working Group
• March 5, 2005

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2005 AWEA Study

• 14 25 annual growth over 15 years
• 4 US firms supply 1/3 global demand
• 30 MW installed in US between 1990 2004
• 8,000 turbines sold in 2004 40 overseas
• 1.2 M annual sales in 1990 15.8 M in 2004
• 355 MW by 2010 and 55.6 100 M in annual
  sales with favorable support

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Growing Worldwide Market for Small Turbines More
than 150,000 installed
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Class 2 sites OK
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24 County Western NC Wind Map
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Area of Wind Power Classes 24 Western NC
Counties
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County Wind Maps for Western NC

• True Wind Map Combined With
• Road data
• Digital elevation models
• Public lands
• Appalachian Trail
• Town boundaries
• Utility grid
• Tax parcel maps

www.wind.appstate.edu
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Elevation Wind Velocity
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Coastal North Carolina
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Importance of Micro-Siting
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Measuring Devices and Parameters

• Anemometer
• Best indication of energy production
• Indicator of turbulence
• Provide information on wind shear
• Wind Vane
• Wind rose
• Siting
• Temp Sensor
• Identify icing events
• Air density
• Barometric Pressure
• Air Density
• Data Loggers

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Anemometers Wind Vanes
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Monthly and Annual Wind Speed Averages
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Season and Time of Day

• Higher winds found late in the evening and early
  morning
• Higher winds seen during the winter

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Modern Small Wind TurbinesHigh Tech, High
Reliability, Low Maintenance

• Small turbines range from 20 W to 100 kW
• Only 3-4 moving parts means very low maintenance
• 20- to 40-year design life
• Proven technology 150,000 installed over a
  billion operational hours
• American companies are the market and technology
  leaders
• Costs have declined by 7 over past 5 years to
  2100/KW

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Small Wind Turbine Technology
Horizontal AxisUpwind
Horizontal AxisDownwind
Vertical Axis
Controllers, Inverters
Systems
Towers
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Horizontal Axis - Upwind

• Configuration 2 or 3 blades aimed into the wind
  by the tail
• Blades Fiber-reinforced plastics
• Over-Speed Protection Furling (rotor turns out
  of the wind)
• Generator Direct-drive, permanent magnet
  alternator (no brushes), 3-phase AC,
  variable-speed operation

Bergey EXCEL, 10 kW
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Southwest WindpowerFlagstaff, Arizona www.windene
rgy.com
Whisper 2001000 W
AIR-X300 W
Whisper100900 W
Whisper 5003 kW
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Wind Turbine Installed CostExample
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Bergey WindpowerNorman, Oklahoma www.bergey.com
BWC XL.11 kW
BWC Excel10 kW
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Wind Turbine Installed CostExample 1
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African WindpowerAbundant Renewable
EnergyNewberg, Oregon www.abundantre.com
AWP3.61.5 kW (Grid-tie)
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Abundant Renewable EnergyNewberg, Oregon
www.abundantre.com
ARE 110 2.5 KW ARE 442 8.5 KW
ARE1102.5 kW
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Wind Turbine Industries, Inc. Prior Lake,
Minnesota www.windturbine.net
Jacobs 31/2020 kW
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FuhrländerLorax Energy Systems, Rhode Island
www.lorax-energy.com
FL 250250 kW
FL 100100 kW
FL 3030 kW
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Over-Speed Protection During High Winds

• Upward Furling The rotor tilts back during high
  winds

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Over-Speed Protection During High Winds

• Angle Governor The rotor turns up and to one side

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HAWT - Downwind

• Configuration 2 or 3 blades, no tail, blades
  face downwind
• Blades Fiber-reinforced plastics
• Over-Speed Protection Zebedee Furl (blade
  coning), tip brakes, stall regulation
• Generator Direct-drive, permanent magnet
  alternator (no brushes), 3-phase AC,
  variable-speed operation

Proven WT600
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Atlantic Orient Corp.Prince Edward Island,
Canada www.atlanticorientcanada.ca
AOC 15/5050 kW
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Proven Engineering Products, Ltd.Scotland,
United Kingdom www.provenenergy.com
WT600600 W
WT2500 2.5 kW
WT60006 kW
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Proven Blade Coning

• Flexible Zebedee hinge
• As RPM increases, blades are thrown outwards by
  centrifugal force
• Changes aerodynamic pitch
• 10-15 year hinge life

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VAWT Drag Lift

• Configuration Lift or Drag
• Drag Anemometer, Savonius
• Lift Darrieus, H-Darrieus

Anemometer
Savonius Mother Earth News
Darrieus
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Savonius (S-rotor)

• Make from buckets, paddles, sails, and oil drums
• originated in Finland
• Can be useful for grinding grain, pumping water,
  and many other tasks
• but are not good for generating electricity (low
  speed, high torque)

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Darrieus Lift-Type Vertical-Axis Machines
Darrieus, curved blades

• French engineer Georges Darrieus patented the
  design in 1931
• Plus generator on ground, yawing not required
• Minus low to ground, low efficiency, not
  self-starting, vibration, high bearing forces

H-Darrieus, straight blades
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Small Wind Turbine Towers
Fixed Guyed Tower
Self-Supporting Tower
Tilt-Up Tower
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Fixed Guyed Tower
Build on ground
Tilt-Up with crane
(3) guy wire anchors, climbing, crane
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Self Supporting Towers
Build on ground
Raise with tractor or crane
No guy wires, requires climbing or crane
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The Wind Turbine Controller

• Battery-Charging
• Converts AC power to DC for charging batteries
• Regulates the battery voltage to prevent
  overcharging
• When the battery is fully charged
• Power is diverted to another load, or
• The rotor is unloaded and allowed to freewheel
• Supplied with wind turbine

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Inverters
Outback Power Systems Arlington, WA
www.outbackpower.com
SMA Windy Boy Grass Valley, CA www.sma-america.co
m
Xantrex Arlington, WA www.xantrex.com
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On-Grid Wind System with Storage
Meter
Regulationandconversion
AC
Inverter
Windturbine
This system has storagewhich provides backup
power.
Load
02770330
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Battery Charging System
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On-Grid Wind System without Storage
Meter
AC
Inverter
Windturbine
Load
02770329
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Batteryless Grid Tie System
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The Effect of Seasons onHybrid Power Systems
Summer
Battery
Loads
PV modules and wind turbine
(storage)
(utilization)
(active generation)
Winter
Battery
Loads
PV modules and wind turbine
(storage)
(utilization)
(no generation)
02770322
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Solar and Wind Resourcesare Complimentary
400
Data from SE Iowa
350
Hours of sunshine/month
Hours of Sunshine
300
Hours of sunshine or averagewind power (Watts/m2)
250
200
Average wind power
150
100
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
02770324
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Estimating Energy Output

• The turbines manufacturer will provide you with
  its power curve

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Wind Distribution

• Wind is known to follow a Weibull distribution

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Wind Speed Frequency of OccurrenceAnnual Average
Wind Speed 11 mph (5 m/s)
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Annual Energy Production 2,600 kWh/yBergey 1500
_at_ 11 mph (5 m/s) average wind speed
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Bergey XL.1 (1 KW)
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Resources/Incentives for Small Wind
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Small Wind Consumers GuideA U.S.guide, a
version for the American Corn Growers
Association, and 22 state-specific guides are
available from the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory
http//www. windpoweringamerica.gov
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Alabama North Carolina Virginia Tennessee Kentucky
Maryland New Jersey
Anemometer Loan Programs
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Anemometer Loan Program
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Wind Resource Mapping
Final New Mexico Wind Resource Map
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Home Wind Workshops
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Workshops on Beech Mt, NC
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NC Small Wind Initiative

• ASU, DOE, TVA, NC State Energy Office, Industry
  partners collaborative
• Goals
• Test Demonstrate
• Consulting
• Workshops
• Wind Resource Assessment Anemometer Loan
• Identify Contact Windy Land owners
• www.wind.appstate.edu

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Beech Mountain, NC
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Wind Working Group

• Telephone Conferences
• Two Meetings
• Petition
• Meetings with elected officials
• and others
• Fact Sheet development
• Public policy work
• Regional articles and presentations
• Coalition of Environmental,
• Energy, State Energy Office,
• DOE, University, and
• Industry folks

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Books by Paul GipeAvailable from Chelsea Green
Publishing Co.www.chelseagreen.com
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Policy Options for Small Wind

• Investment Incentives (rebates, buy-downs,
  grants, etc.)
• Investment Tax Credits
• Net Metering
• Sales Tax Reductions/Exemptions
• Property Tax Reductions
• Uniform Zoning Requirements
• Low Interest Loans
• Line Extension Policies
• Strategies for Supporting Wind Energy, A
  Review and Analysis of Policy Options,
  http//www.nationalwind.org/pubs/strategies/defaul
  t.htm

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What is the Section 9006 Program?

• Created as a U.S. Department of Agriculture
  program
• Program designed to assist farmers, ranchers and
  rural small businesses with energy projects
• In 2005, this program provides grants for
  renewable energy and energy efficiency projects
  and may provide loan guarantees
• Created as a 5 year program. Congress has funded
  the program at 22.8 million per year for the
  first three years.
• In 2003 and 2004, a total of 44 million in
  grants were awarded to 281 projects in 33 states.
  

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Who is Eligible?

• Rural small businesses and agricultural producers
  can apply
• The 2005 NOFA is expected to include the
  following definitions
• Rural Any area other than a city of town with
  population over 50,000. Cannot be in urbanized
  area adjacent to such a city or town.
• Agricultural Producer -- An individual or
  entity directly engaged in the production of
  agricultural products (including farming or
  ranching) that gets 50 of their gross income
  from the operations
• Small Business A private entity including a
  sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation,
  cooperative (including most Rural Electric
  Cooperatives), and certain other electric
  utilities.
• Must meet SBA size standards for small business
  www.sba.gov/size/indextableofsize.html
• Non-profits excluded

Actual definitions available in the 2005 NOFA
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2004 Federal Farm Bill Awardees585,290 for 12
small wind projects (100 kW and less)No Case
Studies Yet
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2003 Federal Farm Bill Awardees187,134 for 9
small wind projects
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NC Renewable Energy Tax Credits

• 35 for all technologies
• Can take tax credit over 5 years
• No more than half of tax liability
• No refund based on tax credit

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Residential

• Credit Limits
• 1,400 residential solar domestic hot water
• 3,500 residential active space heating, combined
  solar hot water and space heating, passive space
  heating
• 10,500 residential biomass, wind, hydroelectric
  and photovoltaic or solar thermal electric

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Wind Turbine Installed CostExample
2,633 3,511 1,790
Tax Credit
Final Cost 4890 6,522
3,325
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TVA Green Power Switch Generation Partners Program

• Details
• Wind or PV
• (.5 50 KW)
• Residential or small commercial
• .15/KWH credit
• Energy used on site is billed at standard rate

http//www.tva.com/greenpowerswitch/partners/index
.htm
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NC GreenPower Programwww.ncgreenpower.org

• To improve the quality of the environment by
  encouraging the development of renewable energy
  resources through consumers voluntary purchase
  of green power.

• RFP process for green power
• No wind producers yet
• Green Power program initially quoted an estimate
  of .06/kwh

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Sources of wind information

• www.windpoweringamerica.gov
• www.awea.org (American Wind Energy Association)
• www.nrel.gov/wind
• www.homepower.com
• USDA Farm bill www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/farmbill
• www.wind.appstate.edu