Cell Biology

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Types of Cells

• Prokaryotic (bacteria) lack a nucleus all
  organelles except for ribosomes
• Eukaryotic (plants, animals, fungi) have a
  nucleus all organelles

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Prokaryotic Cell
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Eukaryotic Cell
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Cell Organelles
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Organelles

• Tiny structures (organs) within the cell that
  carry on the functions necessary for the cell to
  survive.

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Cell Membrane

• separates the cell from its surroundings
• controls what enters and exits the cell
• helps to protect and support the cell

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Nucleus

• The brain of the cell, controls all cell
  activity
• holds DNA (genetic material)

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Cytoplasm

• the area between the nucleus and the cell
  membrane, filling the interior of the cell
• contains the many structures inside of the cell
• is mostly water containing dissolved
  macromolecules (gel-like)

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Ribosomes

• small, roundish
• main function is to synthesize (make) proteins
  for use in the cell

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• complex network of channels/canals
• transports materials throughout the cell
• there are two types smooth and rough (has
  ribosomes on it)

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Golgi Apparatus

• looks like a flattened stack of membranes
  pancaked upon one another
• receives proteins from the ER modifies them
• sends proteins to their new locations in or
  outside of the cell

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Lysosomes

• contain chemicals and enzymes required for the
  digestion of materials in the cell
• made by the Golgi apparatus
• involved in the breakdown of old
  organelles/molecules that are no longer useful or
  of foreign material

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Vacuoles

• store materials such as water, salts,
  macromolecules, waste
• Can help support cell shape

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Cytoskeleton

• Maintains cell shape support
• Helps move proteins organelles around the cell

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Mitochondria

• Provides energy for the cell from food molecules

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Chloroplasts

• green organelle found in plants some algae
• the site of photosynthesis, trap solar energy and
  to use it to form sugar

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Cell wall

• the rigid structure found surrounding plant,
  algae, bacteria cells
• for the plant, gives the plant shape is a
  protective barrier

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Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 1)
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Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 2)
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Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 3)
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Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 4)
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Cell Processes

• Biosynthesis to make nutrients for the cell
  (ribosome)
• Absorption to take in food or water (cell
  membrane)
• Respiration to release energy from foods
  (mitochondria)
• Nutrition to take in food or make food
  (ribosome)

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Cell Processes Cont.

• Reproduction to divide and make a new cell
• Excretion to remove waste from the cell
• Digestion using small molecules of food

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• Secretion to release substances from the cell
  (endoplasmic reticulum / golgi apparatus
• Response reacting in response to the
  environment (nucleus)

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• Time for
• CELL THEME PARK
• See your teacher for directions

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Cell Environment

• Homeostasis the maintenance of equilibrium, or
  constant conditions in a biological system
  (maintaining balance)

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Diffusion

• The movement of molecules across a semi permeable
  membrane

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Maintaining Homeostasis

• Passive transport material moves into and out
  of the cell using no energy (movement is from an
  area of high concentration to low concentration)
• Lets take a look ?

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Maintaining Homeostasis

• Active transport energy is required to move
  material into and out of the cell
• The movement is against the concentration
  gradient (low to high)
• Lets take a look! ?

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Osmosis

• The diffusion of water across a semipermeable
  membrane from an area of high concentration of
  water to an area of low concentration of water.

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• Isotonic
• An isotonic cellular environment occurs when an
  equal solute concentration exists inside and
  outside the cell.
• Molecules flow in and out at an equal rate by
  osmosis
• The cell size stays the same.
• Lets take a look ?

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Red Blood Cells in an Isotonic Solution
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• Hypotonic
• A hypotonic cell environment is one with a lower
  concentration of solutes compared to the
  cytoplasm inside the cell.
• In a hypotonic environment, osmosis causes water
  to flow into the cell.
• The cell may rupture
• Lets take a look ?

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Red Blood Cells in a Hypotonic Solution
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• Hypertonic
• A hypertonic cell environment has a higher
  concentration of solutes compared to the
  cytoplasm inside the cell.
• In a hypertonic environment, osmosis causes water
  to flow out of the cell.
• The cell will shrivel
• Lets take a look ?

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Red Blood Cells Hypertonic Solution
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Photosynthesis

• The process of an organism using chlorophyll
  (green pigment) to change radiant energy into
  chemical energy in the form of glucose
• Organelle responsible????

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Photosynthesis

• 12H2O 6CO2 energy ----gt C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O
• 12 molecules of
• water plus 6
• molecules of carbon
• dioxide and energy
• produce 1 molecule of sugar plus 6 molecules of
  oxygen plus 6 molecules of water

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Cellular Respiration

• An organism converts glucose into usable energy
  for the cell in the form of ATP (adenosine
  triphosphate)
• Organelle responsible?????

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Chemical Formula / Cell Respiration

• C6H12O6 6H2O 6O2 ----gt ATP 6CO2 12H2O
• Thats sugar, 6 molecules of water, 6 molecules
  of oxygen produces energy, 6 molecules of carbon
  dioxide and 12 molecules of water!

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• Cell Respiration
• C6H12O6 6H2O 6O2 ----gt ATP 6CO2 12H2O
• Photosynthesis
• 12H2O 6CO2 energy ----gt C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O
• What do you notice about these formulas in
  relation to one another??