International Quality

1
Ten Essential Stepsin Implementing RFID project

• Alfio Grasso
• Deputy Director, Auto-ID Lab, Adelaide
• General Manager, RFID Automation

2
Overview

• RFID Background
• RFID in Australia
• Standards
• Implementation
• Assessment Criteria
• Reader issues
• Tag Issues
• Data Issues
• Human Issues
• Privacy
• Champion
• RFID Solution Providers
• Auto-ID Lab, Adelaide
• Australasian Adoption Research Initiative (AARI)
• Conclusions

3
RFID Background
4
RFID

• Radio Frequency Identification
• Automatic Data Capture
• Uses RF to communicate
• Basic Elements
• Tags
• Readers/Antennas
• Host CPU

5
Tag reading
The black spot
Reader Tx typically 1W, 6dB gain Antenna But
propagation loss, resulting Rx at Tag typically
µW On tag, RF energy used for DC power and
modulation More loss back to Reader Rx Therefore
a very weak reply is obtained
6
RFID Systems

• Tags
• Attached to objects or items
• Contains electronics (chip), and antenna
• Most are passive (no power source)
• Active tags have a battery
• Readers
• Contains electronics, Tx, Rx and control
• Connected to antenna(s), mostly external
• Energise tags (passive tags)
• Commands tags (wake up active tags, enables
  management of the tag population)
• Receive tag replies

7
Examples
8
Gen 2
9
Host CPU

• Application
• Do something with the tag information
• Potential to generate massive amounts of data
• Once installed it costs virtually NOTHING to read
  a tag!
• Real time data gt real time decisions
• OHIO (Zero Human Involvement Operations)
• Term defined by John Greaves, CHEP International

10
RFID in Australia
11
RFID in Australia closed loop

• Vehicle Identification
• Passenger and commercial vehicles
• Rail
• Passenger, Sugar, Minerals, Steel
• Waste Management
• Domestic and Industrial
• Access Control
• Time and Attendance, Vehicle
• Manufacturing
• Library

12
Electronic Toll Collection
13
Extended Read Range
14
Vehicle ID, Sugar Industry
Photos courtesy of Mirrabooka Systems
15
Steel Production
16
Hot-Axle Detection and RFID
Photo courtesy of Sugar Research Institute
17
Location ID
18
Location ID
19
Industrial Waste Management
20
Domestic Waste Management
21
Manufacturing
Photo taken at Hendersons Automotive Technologies
Pty Ltd
22
Library
Photos courtesy of the National Library Board
Singapore
23
Warehouse Management
Photo taken at Carlton United Beverages
24
Warehouse Management
Photo taken at Carlton United Beverages
25
Warehouse Management
26
Paper Roll Identification
27
Vehicle Manufacture
28
Intelligent Tomatoes
29
Standards

• EPCglobal
• ISO
• Regulatory

30
EPCglobal structure
31
Technical Action Groups

• Gabriel Philips covered all EPCglobal Standards
• HAG
• C1G2, Conformance
• SAG
• Reader Protocol
• Reader Management
• FilteringCollection
• Object Name Service
• Security
• EPCIS
• Capture, Repository, Query
• Tag Data
• Standards Translation

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33
ISO Standards
34
RF Regulations

• Regulators
• Classify RFID as Industrial, Scientific and
  Medical use
• ISM bands
• 125-134 kHz (ISO 18000-2)
• 13.56 MHz or HF (ISO 18000-3)
• 433 MHz (ISO 18000-7)
• 860 to 960 MHz or UHF (ISO 18000-6)
• 2.45 GHz (ISO 18000-4)
• 5.8 GHz (no ISO standard)

35
Other RFID Standards

• ISO_IEC_18000-1
• Reference architecture and definition of
  parameters to be standardized
• ISO_IEC_TR_18001
• Application requirements profiles
• ISO_IEC_18046
• RFID Tag and Interrogator Performance Test
  Methods
• ISO_IEC_TR_18047-2
• Test methods for air interface communications
  below 135 kHz
• ISO_IEC_TR_18047-3
• Test methods for air interface communications at
  13,56 MHz
• ISO_IEC_TR_18047-4
• Test methods for air interface communications at
  2.45 GHz
• ISO_IEC_TR_18047-6
• Test methods for air interface communications at
  860 to 960 MHz
• ISO_IEC_TR_18047-7
• Test methods for air interface communications at
  433 MHz
• ISO_IEC_19762
• Harmonised Vocabulary
• ISO_IEC_24710

36
Other Relevant ISO Standards

• ISO_IEC_15418
• EAN/UCC Application Identifiers and Fact Data
  Identifiers and Maintenance
• ISO_IEC_15424
• Data Carrier Identifiers (including Symbology
  Identifiers)
• ISO_IEC_15434
• Transfer syntax for high capacity ADC media
• ISO_IEC_15459-Parts 1,2 3
• Unique identification of transport units
• Part 1 General
• Part 2 Registration procedures
• Part 3 Unique Item Identification for Supply
  Chain Management
• ISO_IEC_15961
• Data protocol application interface
• ISO_IEC_15962
• Data protocol data encoding rules and logical
  memory functions
• ISO_IEC_15963
• Unique identification for RF tags

37
EPCglobal submission to ISO

• EPCglobal submitted C1G2 V1.0.9 to ISO
• PDAM to 18000-6 issued 26 Feb 2005
• Preliminary Draft Amendment
• C1G2 will be 18000-6 Type C
• PDAM Ballot Resolution Meeting
• Singapore, 7 June 2005
• 174 comments resolved
• New FPDAM released
• 15 July 2005
• FPDAM Ballot resolution Meeting
• Klagenfurt, Austria, 30 November 2005

38
Regulatory Standards
39
UHF

• The UHF tags will be able to be read by readers
  operating within 860 960 MHz range.
• The readers will be restricted to a small subset
  of this range depending on where in the world
  they are being operated.
• There are also regulations on the amount of power
  emitted by the readers depending on where the
  readers are being used.
• Therefore, a tag may be applied to an item and
  shipped anywhere in the world, but a reader has
  to be specifically set up for the region or
  country

40
Map of the ITU regions
41
ITU Region 1 (EU and Africa)EN300-220 EN302-208

• CEPT countries
• 869.4 - 869.65 MHz 500mW erp DClt10
• 865.6 - 867.6 MHz 2W erp LBT
• South Africa
• 869.4 - 869.65 MHz 500mW erp
• 915.2 - 915.4 MHz 8 W eirp
• Note all of the above operate in lt 250kHz
  channels

42
ITU Region 2 (Americas)FCC Part 15.247

• USA, Canada and Mexico
• 902 - 928 MHz 4W EIRP FHSS, 500kHz wide
  channels permitted relaxed emission
  requirements within the whole band.
• Central South America
• Generally similar to North America but varies
  from country to country.

43
ITU Region 3 (Asia)

• Australia
• 918 - 926 MHz 1W EIRP
• 920 926 MHz 4W EIRP
• Experimental
• Strict conditions apply
• New Zealand
• 864 - 868 MHz 4W EIRP
• Elsewhere in Asia
• Generally follow CEPT some exceptions below
• China 917 to 922 2W ERP
• Hong Kong 865-868 2W ERP 920-925 4W EIRP
• Japan 952 - 954 MHz 4W EIRP (licensed)
• Malaysia 919-923 MHz, 2W ERP
• Singapore 866-869 MHz 0.5W ERP 923-925 2W ERP
  (licence)
• South-Korea 910 914 MHz
• Taiwan 922-928 1W ERP (indoor) 0.5W (outdoor)

44
Implementation Plan
45
Implementation Plan

• Define your RFID implementation metrics
• Compliance
• Reduce Inventory
• Stock Visibility
• Reduce Costs
• Increase asset utilisation
• Reduce shrinkage
• Reduce/eliminate shipping errors
• Consider existing infrastructure
• Vendors
• Customers

46
Plan Cont

• Investigate world standards ISO or EPC
• Choose frequency of operation
• 13.56 (HF) or 860 to 960 MHz (UHF)
• Extensive pilot or test plan
• Develop assessment criteria for solution
  providers
• Minimise scope creep!

47
Business case ROI

• Create a cross functional team
• Senior Executives from manufacturing, operations,
  packaging, warehouse management, security and
  finance
• Educate the Team
• Real RFID performance and expectations
• Leverage the data, both internally amongst
  operational departments, but eventually with
  outside trading partners

Source The Road to ROI, RFID Journal Mar 2005
48
Business case ROI Cont

• Identify the problems and opportunities
• Resolve issues
• Change to processes, packaging etc
• Define the scope of the RFID deployment
• Concentrate on which macro-level problem will
  deliver the most benefits to the organisation
• List factors within the companys control that
  contribute to that macro-level problem
• Narrow the scope, maybe by region, department or
  area.
• Consider pallet level rather than case or item

49
Business case ROI Cont

• Analyse operations and processes
• Itemise the business processes, quantifying
  processes
• Breakdown all processes, not just the clearly
  inefficient ones
• Prioritise Projects
• Could end up with 5 to 7 RFID projects
• Can the same RFID infrastructure be used for more
  than 1 project?
• Related projects most likely to deliver results

50
Business case ROI Cont

• Assess financial impact
• Benefits as well as costs
• Tag and Reader costs
• Installation (power, comms, antenna
  infrastructure)
• Operational Costs
• Impact of other projects
• Other projects may add to the benefits and yet
  reduce costs

51
Business case ROI Cont

• Sensitivity Analysis
• Cost of components, tags, reader etc.
• Mandates
• Revisit the business case regularly
• As with any plan, review and re-evaluation is key
  to its success
• Report progress

52
Solution Providers

• Evaluate Solution Providers
• Tag Manufacturers
• Reader Manufactures
• IT infrastructure
• Installation
• Commissioning
• Maintenance
• Upgrades

53
IT Impacts

• IT System impacts
• Interface to existing system, or new system!
• Accuracy of that data
• Accumulation of much more data
• Decision processes with that data, making the
  data USEFUL!

54
RF Issues

• RFID issues in your environment
• RF Interference
• LAN, Other RFID Readers, EMI, Bluetooth, 802.11
• Metal
• Moisture
• Allow time for experimentation
• Expansion
• Scope creep or leverage
• Duplication

55
RF Issues Cont

• RFID Design
• Hardware Systems
• Fixed or portable RFID readers?
• Portable not OHIO (that is not automatic)!
• Business processes
• Simulation?
• RFID Friendly Assets
• As infrastructure is upgraded plan on using RF
  friendly assets, even if not implementing RFID

56
Purchase/Deploy

• Equipment Supply
• Development
• Manufacture lead times
• Engineering work and preparation
• Deployment of infrastructure
• Readers and Antennas
• IT Systems
• Ancillary equipment

57
Purchase/Deploy

• Tags
• Supply
• Initialisation (EPC code and data)
• Database update
• Installation
• Verification
• Training
• Employees, Managers, IT development

58
Integration

• Integration into IT systems
• Database design
• Scalability
• New/Existing
• Interim period
• Exceptions, when no tag applied!
• Evaluation of performance
• Fine adjustments
• Upgrade path

59
Integration Cont

• Other partners
• Suppliers
• Customers
• Competitors
• Finally Rollout
• Duplicate (other sites, divisions)
• Expand (RFID applications)
• Leverage (RFID infrastructure)

60
When to tag?
Source Deploying RFID with varying levels of
Back-end Systems Integration, Ellen Boerger RFID
Director NCR Corporation
61
Gradual Ramp-Up

• Tagging philosophy changes over time.
• Tag_at_ship, No Integration with IT Systems
• Slap Ship, incur cost but no benefit!
• Tag_at_ship, WMS Export and Offline System
• Good for low volume, offline system minimises IT
• Tag_at_ship, Semi-automated WMS Integration
• Online integration with WMS, but manual
  operations for some tagging steps, i.e.
  programming, application /or verification
• Tag_at_pick/Tag_at_receive
• Verify at ship
• Tag_at_source
• Verify at receive, pick, ship
• Tag_at_vendor
• mandate

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Assessment Criteria

• Range of Hardware
• Tags, Readers, Volume, Vendors, Standards,
  Frequency, Host platforms, Ancillary equipment,
  Upgrades, Expansion
• Range of IT Solutions
• Integration into legacy systems
• Privacy
• Expansion
• Services
• Global or Local
• Site Inspection, Design, Installation,
  Commissioning, Maintenance
• Partner networks (hardware, middleware)

64
Assessment Criteria Cont

• Relevant experience in your industry
• Testing
• ISO 18047-X Conformance Test Methods
• ISO 18046 Performance Test Methods
• EPCglobal (Gen 2 V1.0.2) Conformance Test Methods
• EPCglobal Certification
• Vendor test Facility
• Testing your products in your installation(s)
• Development/Customisation
• Tags and Readers, ancillary sensors
• Packaging, Cost, IP issues
• Maintenance

65
Reader Issues

• Reader location is important, but local
• Antenna
• Tunnel/Portal (multiple antennas)
• Circular Vs Linear
• Host Interface, online
• Remote restart
• Alarm/alerts/Heartbeat
• Self diagnostic tests
• Upgrades

66
Portal
67
Shielding
Photo courtesy of RFID Journal
68
RF Friendly
69
Neatness Counts!
70
Temporary Conditions
71
Location Location Location

• Tag location will be crucial for performance
• Want global use for product/tag life
• Optimal location for RF Tag may not be the same
  as the location for a human readable tag/label
• Consider composition of the object
• If lots of metal, then look for gaps!
• Metal surface can be used to extend the read
  range ?/4
• Life time environmental exposure

72
Location
Photos courtesy of RFID Journal
73
Courtesy Auto-Id Lab Cambridge
74
Process flow

• Consider a change to the process flow
• How package is handled, stored and pallet stacked
• Change packaging to be RFID friendly
• Test tag after application
• Metal, moisture, damage
• Consider alternative technologies/methods to get
  100 reads
• Process when items are Single units
• Aggregation/Association

75
Single Items
Source RFID Pilot Trial Learnings -
Georgia-Pacific
76
Source RFID Learning RFID Learnings Wal Wal-Mart
77
Association/Verification at stretch-wrap
Source Supply Chain improvement through
EPC/RFID- DHL/Deutsche Post
78
100
Source Compensating for less than 100 case Read
Rates, Joe Doran (The Gillette Co.)
79
Data

• RFID data
• Once installed, no real additional cost to read a
  tag
• Sensor data
• Temperature, Weight, etc
• Middleware (Savants) filters/concentrators
• RFID enabled enterprise applications
• Database maintenance
• Legacy data
• Accuracy of data
• Exchange data with partners
• Vendors and Customers
• UCCnet Global Registry
• Scalable

80
Human Issues

• Privacy
• Establish a privacy committee
• Consider all users, employees, contractors,
  customers, vendors, supply chain personnel
• Employees
• Explanation
• Efficiency, bottom line benefits
• Training

81
Privacy - Definition

• The interest that individuals have in
  sustaining a personal space free from
  interference by other people and organisations

Source Roget Clarke of the ANU
82
Privacy - Threats

• Association
• Personal identity associated with one or more
  tags
• Transaction
• Identity associated with a transaction, even if
  paying with cash
• Inventory
• Reading the tags/hence items on your person
• Location
• Identifying the location of tagged objects
• Preference
• Marketers generating a profile based on tagged
  goods

Source RFID and the Law John OCallaghan,
Impetus 2005
83
FIP

• Fair Information Practices
• Origins back to 1973
• 4 Principles
• Notice
• Choice
• Access
• Security

84
Privacy Issues

• However, FIP does not go far enough for RFID
• Several High Profile RFID trials/tests had to be
  withdrawn
• Benetton
• The InClass RFID system deployed in and local
  school in Sutter, California
• In 2003 Marks Spencer
• Consulted multiple groups
• Addressed concerns BEFORE deployment

Source http//wired-vig.wired.com/news/privacy/0
,1848,66554,00.html
85
Privacy

• Develop a Privacy Policy and ENFORCE IT!
• Engage consumer groups BEFORE implementation
• Educate Users
• Adverts, Pamphlets, Posters, Internet, Toll free
  line.
• Disclose the use of RFID
• Tags and Readers
• Not only the tagged goods, but also the presence
  of readers
• Consumer acceptance of reader locations
• But if hidden readers are used, consumer trust
  could be shattered!
• EPCglobal Logo
• More printed info on the label
• Web address for more information

Source Privacy Profits, RFID Journal July 2005
86
Privacy Cont

• Inform on the Use of RFID
• Even if you are not using RFID, but goods, boxes
  etc may come into your facility, tell the
  consumer.
• Educate/Inform Staff
• Management
• Public relations
• Store personal, in contact with consumers
• Direct to customer service or website
• Dont write personally identifiable information
  to the TAG
• Contradiction of FIP
• Illegal under the European Unions Directive on
  Privacy and Electronic Communication

87
Privacy Cont

• Secure the data and limit what you collect
• Apply the same level of security to EPC data as
  one would apply to any customer data.
• Avoid associating the EPC number with the person
  purchasing the item.
• No clear benefit in knowing what unique item is
  being purchased by an individual

88
Privacy Cont

• Choice
• Kill or remove
• Dont tie returns to having an active (working)
  tag
• Still have discounts and participate in loyalty
  programs, even if they choose to kill the tag.
• Opt in or Opt out
• Do consumers opt in , or do they have to opt out.
  Opt in is safer as the consumer has made a
  positive choice
• Consumer to have the right to view any
  information stored about them.
• Correct if wrong, or delete
• Consumers to have the right to choose to share
  that information with 3rd Parties

89
Privacy Cont

• Keep Privacy policy up to date
• Reflect changes in technology, processes
• Reassess the communication strategy to keep
  consumers informed

90
Champion

• Approval from the TOP
• Realistic Expectations
• Start small but think big
• Small enable fine adjustments (experiment)
• Big so as to leverage RFID throughout the
  business
• Dont oversell
• External/Internal expertise
• Partner with both suppliers and customers
• Possible change to business processes
• Other infrastructure
• Sensors, EAS, anti-counterfeit, engineering
• Periodic assessment

91
C1G2 Features

• Tag must be able to communicate from 860 MHz to
  960 MHz
• Tags must understand 3 different modulation
  schemes
• Double Sideband Amplitude Shift Keying DSB-ASK
• Single Sideband Amplitude Shift Keying SSB-ASK
• Phase Reversal Amplitude Shift Keying PR-ASK
• Coding is by Pulse Interval Encoding (PIE)
• TgtR data rates 40, 80, 160, 320 and 640 kbits
• Selection
• Access Kill Passwords
• EPC up to 256 bits
• Dense reader channelised signalling

92
Inventory

• Reader Talks First
• Sets up communication parameters, defines a round
• Round Size (Q value), slots are numbered from 0
  to 2Q-1
• Tags select a slot within a round to offer a
  reply

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Replies
94
Associations

• Auto-ID Lab, Adelaide
• autoidlab.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/
• RFID Automation (contract research)
• www.rfidautomation.org
• Australasian Adoption Research Initiative
• alf_at_rfidautomation.org
• EPCglobal Australia
• www.ean.com.au/services/epcglobal/_epcglobal.asp
• GS1 Australia
• www.gs1au.org

95
Web

• Subscribe to online publications
• Journals, Newsletters, Manufacturers, Industry
  Associations
• Favourites
• http//www.rfidjournal.com/
• http//www.hightechaid.com/
• http//www.abiresearch.com/reports/RFID.html
• http//www.rfidtalk.com
• Other sources
• http//members.surfbest.net/eaglesnest/rfid_mfg.ht
  m

96
RFID newshttp//www.umd.com.au/rfid/links_rfid_ne
ws.html
97
RFID Solution Providers (alphabetical order)

• Alien Technologies
• www.alientechnology.com
• Bar Code Data Systems (BCDS)
• www.bcds.com.au
• Datanet
• www.data.net.au
• Electro-com
• http//www.electrocom.com.au/
• Global Licensing Innovation
• www.glandi.com
• IBM
• http//www.ibm.com

98
Cont

• iCrystal
• www.icrystal.com.au
• Intermec
• http//www.intermec.com
• Magellan Technology
• www.magtech.com.au
• Mirrabooka Systems
• gary_at_mirrabook.com
• Radio Terminal Systems
• www.radterm.com.au

99
Cont

• Sunshine Technologies
• www.sunshinetechnologies.com.au
• Symbol Technologies
• http//www.symbol.com/category.php?category18
• Tyco/Sensormatic
• http//www.sensormatic.com/home.asp
• Unique Micro Design (UMD)
• http//www.umd.com.au/rfid/
• UPM Rafsec
• www.rafsec.com

100
Adelaide, Auto-ID Lab

• Contract Research via RFID Automation

101
Background

• Established in 2002 by the Auto-ID Center, at the
  Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
• One of 7 Auto-ID Labs around the world
• Others are in UK, USA, Japan, China, Switzerland
  and Korea
• Now partially funded by EPCglobal Inc
• Contract Research available at the Auto-ID Lab,
  Adelaide

102
Auto-ID Lab, Adelaide

• Core Research
• Applied Research
• Integration
• Applications
• Technical Services
• Education

103
Research Projects

• The design of cost effective and small footprint
  tag antennas, suitable for attachment onto metal
  surfaces.
• Interference studies in high density reader
  environments.
• Electromagnetic propagation studies applicable to
  European Regulations
• High security authentication tags
• Dual frequency tags, ones that employ UHF
  techniques for supply chain applications and then
  HF for item management applications.
• Passive RFID chip design (modules for
  implementation)
• Analysis and measurement of new forms of reader
  to tag signalling

104
Research Projects Cont

• Analysis of measuring equipment, i.e.
  understanding the test regulations with respect
  to the forms of signalling employed by RFID
  readers
• Analysis and development of reader architectures
• Autonomously networking tags (Class IV)
• Trigger circuits for battery assisted tags.
• An analysis of noise sources in RFID readers
• Universal Class 2 tags
• Filters that may be required to reduce spurious
  emissions (Japan and Australia)
• The use of LF RFID in applications where HF and
  UHF may not provide an adequate RFID solution,
  such as in granular media.
• Merged EAS and RFID tag

105
Contract Research

• Available via RFID Automation
• Separate from the EPCglobal funded work
• Commercial Infrastructure
• Adelaide Research Innovation Pty Ltd
• Intellectual Property Protection

106
Australasian Adoption Research Initiative

• Established in April 2005
• Mechanism for the Auto-ID Lab, Adelaide to
  conduct research into RFID that is relevant to
  Australian and New Zealand industry.
• Foster adoption of the RFID technology being
  developed by EPC Global.
• Enables participation by companies across a broad
  range of industries and applications, to network
  and gain access to the wealth of expertise and
  experience in RFID.
• Act as Industry Reference Group for the adoption
  of RFID including consultation and advice to SMEs
  and Governments.

107
Benefits of membership

• Opportunity to input into the direction of
  research programs
• Access to hosted visits at the Labs
• Invitations to industry networking meetings
  designed to
• keep you informed of key technical and management
  issues and industry developments
• enable you to meet your peers in an informal
  setting (usually over dinner at a university
  site) to facilitate business relationships
• Access to technology advances through regular
  activity reports issued by the Lab
• Receive notices of specialist RFID related
  seminars
• Receive periodic reports on EPCglobals HAG and
  SAG action groups
• Priority access to personnel at Auto ID Labs
  Adelaide as well as access to extensive test
  equipment on agreed basis
• Ability to access information on RFID vendors and
  solution providers and have the ability to check
  their compliance statements
• Customised meetings arrange presentations
  seminars and laboratory visits for members in
  response to requests for university research
  contacts

108
Conclusion

• RFID Automatic Data Capture
• RFID is about management
• Lots of RFID experience in Australia
• Plan
• Educate users
• employees, customers, suppliers

109
Questions
110
Further Information

• Alfio Grasso
• Deputy Director
• Auto-ID Lab, Adelaide
• General Manager
• RFID Automation
• University of Adelaide
• Web www.rfidautomation.org
• Email alf_at_rfidautomation.org
• Ph [phone]
• Mob [phone]