Ecology and the Human Condition

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Ecology and the Human Condition
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Cod Fishery
http//www.cefas.co.uk
http//archive.greenpeace.org
http//www.kuestenforum.de
http//www.brockmann-consult.de
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http//el.erdc.usace.army.mil/pmis/plants
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http//www.gulfislandsnationalpark.com
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1975
1986
1992
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• Introduction to Physiological Ecology
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• Climate and biomes
• Terms biome, PET, AET, microclimate
• A. Biomes
• B. Climate diagrams
• C. Microclimate
• II. Organism adaptations and tolerance
•  Terms Adaptation, fitness, tradeoffs, genotype,
  phenotype, ecotype, plasticity
• A. Law of Tolerance, acclimatization
• B. Adaptation
• C. Ecotypes
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Biomes
Major ecosystem types characterized by dominant
vegetation and climate
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Tundra
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Boreal forest
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Temperate deciduous forest
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Temperate coniferous forest
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Tropical rain forest
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Tropical dry forest
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Savanna
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Grassland
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Shrub steppe
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Chaparral
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Desert
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Biomes Temperature and moisture dependence
(Ricklefs 2001)
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Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) the maximum
amount of water that is expected to be lost from
the landscape by evaporation and/or
transpiration under the climatic conditions of a
site, assuming no water limitation.
Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) the amount of
water that actually is lost from the landscape
by evaporation and/or transpiration.
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BiomesTemperature and moisture dependence
(Ricklefs 2001)
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Climate diagram
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Cold desert
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Tropical dry forest
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Microclimate canopy cover
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• Introduction to Physiological Ecology
•  
• Climate and biomes
• Terms biome, PET, AET, microclimate
• A. Biomes
• B. Climate diagrams
• C. Microclimate
• II. Organism adaptations and tolerance
•  Terms Adaptation, fitness, tradeoffs, genotype,
  phenotype, ecotype, plasticity
• A. Adaptation
• B. Ecotypes
• C. Law of Tolerance, acclimatization
•  
•  

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Law of Tolerance
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Adaptation

• Any heritable behavioral, morphological or
  physiological trait

that maintains or increases the fitness of an
organism
as an evolved response to a given set of
environmental conditions.
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Fitness?

• The contribution an organism makes to future
  generations and the population gene pool.

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TRADEOFFS
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Ecotypes
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Potentilla glandulosa (cinquefoil) - ecotypes and
phenotypic plasticity
Alpine type
Subalpine type
Klausen, Keck Heisy (1940) Fig. 26, p.82
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Adaptation vs. acclimation/acclimatization?
Adaptation is an evolutionary response, across
generations. Acclimation is a response within an
organism to a single factor. Acclimatization is
a response within an organism to multiple factors.