Evolution and Community Ecology

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Evolution and Community Ecology
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CHAPTER
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Black and White, and Spread All Over

• __________________________ were accidentally
  introduced into Lake St. Clair in the late 1980s.
  
• They have since spread throughout the Great Lakes
  system and connecting rivers.
• The invasive mussels have a _____________________
  _________________________________________.

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Lesson 5.1 Evolution

• Scientists have identified and described
  over______________. Millions more have
  ________________.

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Evolution and Natural Selection
Lesson 5.1 Evolution

• Gene A sequence of DNA__________________________
  __________
• Gene pool All the genes
• ___________________
• Biological evolution The _______ in a
  populations gene pool
• ___________________

A starting population of fish. Genes control the
color and pattern of the fishs scales.
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Mechanisms of Biological Evolution Mutation and
Migration
Lesson 5.1 Evolution

Mutation
Migration (gene flow)
________________ in DNA that can give rise to
variation_____________________
Movement of individuals into (immigration) or out
of (emigration) a population
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Mechanisms of Biological Evolution Genetic Drift
and Natural Selection
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Genetic Drift
Natural Selection
Process by which traits useful for survival and
reproduction____________ _________________________
_______
Evolution that occurs by ________
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Conditions of Natural Selection

Lesson 5.1 Evolution

1. Organisms produce _____ offspring than
   can__________.

(2) Individuals vary in characteristics, some of
which are________
(3) Individuals vary in _________________________
___________.
Did You Know? Darwin privately _______ ___________
_____________________ before publishing On the
Origin of Species.
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Artificial Selection

Lesson 5.1 Evolution

• Selection under human direction
• Throughout history,______________________________
  ___________________________________.

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Speciation

Lesson 5.1 Evolution

• Process by which new species are generated
• Can occur in a number of different ways
  ______________________________________________
• Has resulted in every form of life on Earth
• _________________

Allopatric Speciation
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Extinction

Lesson 5.1 Evolution

• The disappearance of species from Earth
• Generally occurs ______, _____________ at a time,
  when environmental conditions ____________________
  ____________________ There are ____ known mass
  extinction events, each of which wiped out a
• _____________________
• _____________________.

Trilobites Marine arthropods that went extinct at
the end of the Permian period.
Did You Know? During the Permo-Triassic
extinction 250 million years ago,
________ _____________ species and _____ of all
marine species went extinct.
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Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions

• The zebra mussel has ____________________________
  __ native mussel species in Lake St. Clair.

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The Niche
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions

• Describes an organisms use of resources and
  functional role in a community
• Affected by an organisms tolerance______________
  ____________________________________________condit
  ions
• Often_____________________________________

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Competition
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions

• Organisms compete when they seek the ___________
• ______________________.
• In rare cases, one species can ____________
  another from using resources.
• To reduce competition, species often __________
• __________, which can lead to ____________________
  _.

Resource Partitioning
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Predation (/)
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions

• The process by which a predator hunts, kills, and
  consumes prey
• Causes___________________________________________
  ___________
• Defensive traits such as ____________
• ________________________________ have evolved in
  response to predator-prey interactions.
• Some predator-prey relationships are examples of
  coevolution, the process by which two
  species__________________________________________
  _______.

Rough-Skinned Newt
Did You Know? A single rough-skinned newt
contains enough poison ____________ ______.
Unfortunately for the newt, its ________, the
common garter snake, has ___ _____________________
___.
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Parasitism and Herbivory (/)
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions

• Parasitism One organism (the parasite) relies on
  another (the host)_______________________________
  _____
• Herbivory An animal
• ____________________
• ___________________

Hookworm (a parasite)
Did You Know? One study of Pacific estuaries
suggests that parasites play an important role
in________________________________________________
____________________________.
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Mutualism (/) and Commensalism (/0)
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions

• Mutualism a relationship in which two or more
  species benefit
• Commensalism a relationship in which one species
  benefits while the other is unaffected

Lichen a symbiotic relationship between a fungus
and a photosynthetic partner, such as an alga
Did You Know? Symbiosis describes
a_________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
_______.
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Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities

• The ______________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________interactions on Earth.

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Primary Producers (Autotrophs)
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities

• Capture energy from the sun or from chemicals and
  store it in the bonds of sugars, making it
  available to the rest of the community
• Energy from the sun is captured by
  __________________________________
  photosynthesis.
• Energy from chemicals is captured by some
  bacteria through_______________.

Did You Know? Deep-sea vents, far from sunlight,
support _________________________________, which
depend on energy converted through chemosynthesis.
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Consumers (Heterotrophs)
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities

• _________________________
• ________________________
• Herbivores plant-eaters
• Carnivores meat-eaters
• Omnivores combination-eaters
• Detritivores and decomposers recycle nutrients
  within the ecosystem by breaking down nonliving
  organic matter(3p.83)
• Use oxygen to _______
• _________________________ through cellular
  respiration (primary producers do this, too)

California Condor
Did You Know? Scavengers, such as ________________
________, are just large detritivores.
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Energy in Communities
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities

• An organisms rank in a feeding hierarchy is its
  trophic level.
• ____________________always occupy the _____
  trophic level of any community.
• In general, only about_________________
  available at any trophic level is passed to the
  next _______________
• __________________________________________________
  _________.

Pyramid of Energy
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Numbers and Biomass in Communities
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities

• A trophic levels biomass is _______
• ________________________________________________In
  general, there are ____ organisms and greater
  biomass at ______ trophic levels than at
  ___________.

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Food Chains and Webs
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities

• Food chain Linear series of feeding
  relationships
• Food web Shows the_______________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________

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Keystone Species
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities

• Species that have strong and/or wide-reaching
  effects on a community
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ___.

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Lesson 5.4 Community Stability

• A 2010 report on invasive species suggests that
  they______________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________________

Invasive kudzu
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Ecological Disturbances
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability

• A community in equilibrium is generally
  ______________________, with most populations at
  or around
• ____________________.
• __________________________________________ can
  throw a community into disequilibrium.
• Severe disturbances can cause _______________ to
  a community and initiate a predictable series of
  changes called _________.

Forest fire
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Primary Succession
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability

• Occurs when there are ____________________________
  ________, including vegetation and soil
• ______________, such as lichens, are the
  ______________________.
• The environment___________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________

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Secondary Succession
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability

• Occurs when a ________________________a community
  but ___________completely destroy it
• Common after disturbances such as ____________
• _________________________________________
• ______________________ than primary succession

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Succession in Water
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability

• Primary aquatic succession occurs when an area
  __________________________________________Disturba
  nces such as ______________________
• _____________________ can lead to secondary
  aquatic succession.

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Climax Communities
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability

• Ecologists once thought succession leads to
  stable climax communities.
• Today, ecologists see communities
  as_______________________________________________
  ______ Communities are influenced by
  _________________________________________________
  _______________

Beech-maple forest, a classic climax community
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Invasive Species
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability

• Nonnative organisms that spread widely in a
  community
• _____________________ such as predators,
  parasites, or competitors enables_________________
  __________________________________________.
• Not all invasive species are ___________.

Did You Know? Although the European honeybee is
____________________, it is beneficial because it
_________________________________________________
__________________________________.