Planning Models

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Planning Models
Program Planning
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Overview

• Good health promotion programs are not created
  by chance they are the product of much effort
  and should be based on a systematic planning
  model

Planning Models
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Why is planning important?

• Allows us to select appropriate targets for
  interventions, develop strategies and materials
  that will make our interventions more successful,
  and save time and money.
• Planning gives a clear outline of where we are
  and where we want the program to go by providing
  goals and direction.

Planning Models
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Questions to Ponder

• How is this program going to reach its
  aim/mission/goal?
• What steps do we need to take to proceed?
• What is the impact for every step or component of
  the model?
• Are any steps missing related to the development
  of this program?

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Steps to Consider

• With your community partner sketch out of plan of
  what will happen.
• Review several planning models and decide which
  one best relates to the program.
• Most models need to include sections or parallel
  sections related to assessment, goals/objectives,
  interventions, results,and evaluation.
• Consider adding visual effects such as color,
  logo, pictures, etc.
• Develop a narrative section which includes the
  model selected and why, a detailed discussion of
  one to two paragraphs discussing each section of
  the model, and a conclusion on how this model
  assists in the development of this program.

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A Generalized Modelfor Program Development
Assessing Needs Identifying the
Problems Setting Goals and Objectives Developing
an Intervention Implementing the
Intervention Evaluating the Results
Planning Models
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Precede-Proceed Model

• Best known and most often used model for health
  promotion programming
• PRECEDE Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling
  Constructs in Educational/ecological
  Diagnosis/assessment and Evaluation
• PROCEED Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational
  Constructs in Educational and Environmental
  Development
• Composed of nine phases/steps that help identify
  desired outcome, determine what causes it, and
  design an intervention aimed at reaching it.

Planning Models
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Precede-Proceed Model

• Phase 1 Social Assessment
• -define quality of life
• Phase 2 Epidemiological Assessment
• -rank health goals/problems
• Phase 3 Behavioral and Environmental Assessment
• -prioritize behavioral and environmental risk
  factors or risk conditions
• Phase 4 Education and Ecological Assessment
• -identifies and classifies predisposing,
  enabling, and reinforcing factors
• Phase 5 Administrative and Policy Assessment
• -identify capabilities and resources available
  to develop and implement program

Planning Models
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Precede-Proceed Model
Phase 6 Implementation -select methods and
strategies of intervention and implementation Pha
se 7 Process Evaluation -resources needed to
conduct evaluations of process Phase 8 Impact
Evaluation - resources needed to conduct
evaluations of impact Phase 9 Outcome
Evaluation -resources needed to conduct
evaluations of outcome
Planning Models
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An animated version of the Precede-Proceed model
as it appeared in the previous Edition of the
book, with phases 2 3 as separate phases, now
combined.
Phase 6 Implementation
Phase 7 Process evaluation
Phase 8 Impact evaluation
Phase 9 Outcome evaluation
Output
Longer-term health outcome
Short-term social impact
Short-term impact
Process
Input
Long-term social impact
Green Kreuter, Health Promotion Planning, 3rd
ed., Mayfield, 1999.
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MATCHMultilevel Approach to Community Health

• An ecological planning perspective that
  recognizes that intervention activities can and
  should be aimed at a variety of objectives and
  individuals.
• Designed to be used when the risk factors are
  known and priorities for action have been
  determined.
• Composed of five phases inclusive of several
  steps.

Planning Models
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MATCHMultilevel Approach to Community Health

• Phase 1 Goals Selection
• -step 1 select health status goals
• -step 2 select high-priority target
  population(s).
• -step 3 identify health behavior goals
• -step 4 identify environmental factor goals
• Phase 2 Intervention Planning
• -step 1 identify the targets of the
  intervention
• -step 2 select intervention objectives
• -step 3 identify mediators of the intervention
  objectives
• -step 4 select intervention approaches

Planning Models
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MATCHMultilevel Approach to Community Health

• Phase 3 Program Development
• -step 1 create program units or components
• -step 2 select or develop curricula and create
  intervention guides
• -step 3 develop session plans
• -step 4 create or acquire instructional
  materials, products, and resources
• Phase 4 Implementation Preparation
• -step 1 facilitate adoption, implementation,
  and maintenance
• -step 2 select and train implementors
• Phase 5 Evaluation
• -step 1 conduct process evaluation
• -step 2 measure impact
• -step 3 monitor outcomes

Planning Models
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SMARTSocial Marketing Assessment and Response
Tool

• Approaches are not forced and do not reflect
  sales tactics.
• Composed of seven phases that focus on social
  marketing directly responding to consumer
  feedback.

Planning Models
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SMARTSocial Marketing Assessment and Response
Tool

• Phase 1 Preliminary Planning
• - name the problem in terms of behaviors
• - develop goals
• - outline preliminary plans for evaluation
• - project program costs
• Phase 2 Consumer Analysis
• - identify and segment the priority population
• - identify formative research methods
• - identify consumer wants, needs, and
  preferences
• - develop preliminary ideas for preferred
  interventions and communication strategies
• Phase 3 Market Analysis
• - establish and define the market mix (product,
  price, place, promotion)
• - assess the market to identify competitors
  (behaviors, messages, programs, etc), allies
  (support systems, resources, etc), and partners

Planning Models
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SMARTSocial Marketing Assessment and Response
Tool

• Phase 4 Channel Analysis
• - identify appropriate communication channels
• - assess options for program distribution
• - determine how channels should be used
• - identify communication roles for program
  partners
• Phase 5 Develop Materials and Pretest
• - develop program interventions and materials
  using information derived from consumer, market,
  and channel analysis
• - interpret the marketing mix into a program
  strategy that clearly communicates exchange and
  societal good
• - pretest and refine the program

Planning Models
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SMARTSocial Marketing Assessment and Response
Tool

• Phase 6 Implementation
• - communicate with partners and clarify
  involvement
• - activate communication and distribution
• - document procedures and compare progress to
  time lines
• - refine the program
• Phase 7 Evaluation
• - assess the degree to which the target
  population is receiving the program
• - assess the immediate impact on the target
  population and refine the program as necessary
• - ensure that program delivery is consistent
  with established protocol
• - analyze changes in the priority population

Planning Models
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MAPPMobilizing for Action through Planning and
Partnerships

• Phase 1 Organizing for success and partnership
• Phase 2 Visioning
• Phase 3 Four MAPP assessments
• - community themes and strengths
• - local public health
• - community health status
• - forces of change
• Phase 4 Identify strategic issues
• Phase 5 Formulate goals and strategies
• Phase 6 The action cycle

Planning Models
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APEX-PHAssessment Protocol for Excellence in
Public Health

• Phase 1 Organizational capacity assessment
• Phase 2 Community Progress
• Phase 3 Completing the cycle

Planning Models
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SWOTStrengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats

• Phase 1 Strengths
• Phase 2 Weaknesses
• Phase 3 Opportunities
• Phase 4 Threats

Planning Models
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A Systematic Approach to Health Promotion

• Phase 1 Goals
• Phase 2 Objectives
• Phase 3 Determinants of health
• Phase 4 Health status

Planning Models
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Healthy Communities

• Phase 1 Mobilize key individuals and
  organizations
• Phase 2 Assessing community needs, strengths, and
  resources
• Phase 3 Plan for action
• Phase 4 Implement the action plan
• Phase 5 Track progress and outcomes

Planning Models
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NCI Model

• Phase 1 Planning and strategy development
• Phase 2 Developing and pretesting concepts,
  messages and materials
• Phase 3 Implementing the program
• Phase 4 Assessing effectiveness and making
  refinements

Planning Models
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Healthy Plan-It

• Phase 1 Priority setting
• Phase 2 Establishing goals
• Phase 3 Outcome objectives
• Phase 4 Strategy
• Phase 5 Evaluation
• Phase 6 Budget

Planning Models
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Keys to choosing and using a Planning Model

• ..be aware that there are no perfect planning
  models. Planners may have to adapt them to fit
  the needs of the panning situation and the
  cultural characteristics of the target group,
  setting, and health problem
• Most planners find occasions when they do not
  need to use a model in its entirety or when it is
  necessary to combine parts of different models to
  meet specific needs and situations.

Planning Models
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See Examples

• Generic Health/Fitness Delivery System (GHFDS)
  Handout
• From past projects

Planning Models