Classification of Living Things

1
Classification of Living Things
2
Non-Science Example of Classification

• The item in this picture is
• Automobile
• Truck, Car, or SUV? Car
• Made by? Ford
• Type of Ford car? Mustang
• -Was made in what year? 2002
• -Is it Convertible? No
• -Color? Silver

3
Classification Goes from General to Specific

• Automobile Biggest
• Car
• Ford
• Mustang
• 2002
• -Non Convertible
• -Silver - Specific

4
Classification

• Classify to group things together based on
  similarities
• Why Classify?
• To make organisms easier to identify
• To make organisms easier to compare
• How do we classify?
• Compare Traits features or characteristics of
  an organisms
• The Science of Classification is called Taxonomy

5
Tools Used to Classify Organisms

• 1. Comparative Morphology
• Compares Physical Structures, Traits
• 2. Evolutionary Relationships
• Related Organisms with common ancestors, Derived
  Characters
• 3. DNA/RNA comparison

6
Timeline of Classification

• 1. 384 322 B.C. Aristotle
• 2 Kingdom Broad Classification
• 2. 1735 - Carl Linnaeus
• 2 Kingdom Multi-divisional Classification
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus,
  Species
• 3. Evolutionary Classification (After Darwin)
• Group By lines of Evolutionary Descent
• 4. 5 Kingdom System 1950s
• 5. 6 Kingdom System 1990s
• 6. 3 Domain System 1990s

7
Early Classification Aristotle 384-322 B.C.

• 2 Groups Plants and Animals
• Plants Green, Non Mobile
• Animals Not Green, Mobile

8
How would you classify this using the
Plant/Animal system?
Praying Mantis Green but.. Mobile
9
Linnaeus Divisions Still Used in Modern
Classification

• 1. Kingdom largest group
• 2. Phylum
• 3. Class
• 4. Order
• 5. Family
• 6. Genus
• 7. Species
• (Most Closely Related)

10
Mnemonic Device To help remember categories and
order

• Kingdom - King
• Phylum - Phillip
• Class Came
• Order Over
• Family - For
• Genus - Ginger
• Species - Snaps

11
Taxons

• Within each category, a particular group is
  called a Taxon
• Many Taxons for each category
• Ex Mammalia is the Taxon for the Class category
  in Humans
• Ex Homo is the Taxon for the Genus category in
  Humans
• Carnivora is the Taxon for the Order category in
  Lions

12
Linnaeus Introduced Scientific Naming

• Binomial Nomenclature is the 2 word scientific
  name of an organism
• Uses Genus and Species
• Genus is capitalized, not species, all italicized
• In writing the name, cant italicize, so
  underline
• Homo sapien (Genus and species of Human)
• Panthera leo (Genus and species of Lion)
• Used Latin
• Felis concolor

13
Example Classification

• Lion
• 1. Kingdom Animalia (all Animals)
• 2. Phylum Chordata (All vertebrate animals)
• 3. Class Mammalia (All Mammals mammary
  glands)
• 4. Order Carnivora (Meat eaters)
• 5. Family Felidae (includes all Cats)
• 6. Genus Panthera (Includes all roaring
  Cats)
• 7. Species leo (Lions)

14
From Kingdom to Species
15
6 Kingdom System
Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Eubacteria Archaea
bacteria
16
3 Domains

• Eubacteria Common Bacteria
• Archea Bacteria ancient Bacteria
• Eukarya Includes everything else, Protist,
  Fungi, Monera, Plants, and Animals

17
4. Three Domain System

• 1. Domain Bacteria
• Corresponds to Eubacteria Kingdom
• Unicellular Prokaryotic Organisms
• No Nucleus
• Ecologically Diverse live everywhere!
• Metabolically Diverse
• Cell Walls contain substance called Peptidoglycan
  special protein and sugar
• Target of many Antibiotics

18
Three Domain System

• 2. Domain Archaea Ancient Bacteria
• Corresponds to Kingdom Archaeabacteria
• Unicellular, Prokaryotes
• Metabolically Diverse
• No nucleus
• Live in Extreme environments like those of early
  Earth
• Cell walls without Peptidoglycan
• A trait used to distinguish between Archaea and
  Bacteria Domains

19
Three Domain System

• 3. Eukarya
• Contains Kingdoms
• Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
• Eukaryotic, single or multi-cellular Organisms
• Nucleus
• Most visible life
• Humans are in Domain Eukarya