Genographic Project

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Genographic Project
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Where do we come from?
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Emergence of Modern Humans
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Java Man
Neandertal
Java Man
Neandertal
Peking Man
Peking Man
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Evolutionary Biologist
http//www.ebi.ac.uk/Information/events/biolang/pa
abo.jpg
Dr. Pääbo is known as one of the founders of
paleogenetics, a discipline that uses the methods
of genetics to study early humans and other
ancient populations.
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Using DNA to understand our past
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The Human Body

• Brain cells
• Heart cells
• Fat cells
• Nerve cells

http//www.ebi.ac.uk/microarray/biology_intro_file
s/cell.jpe

• Nucleus 23 pairs of chromosomes.
• Y-DNA tracks paternal descent
• Mitochondria Contain many copies of circular DNA
  molecules.
• mtDNA tracks maternal descent

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Endosymbiotic Theory
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Looking at mitochondria
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Mitochondrial DNA
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Mitochondria are from MOM
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Mitochondrial Control Region
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Maternal Inheritance of Mitochondria
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Mitochondria and Mutation
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Haplotypes
SNP Haplogroup
A
A gt G
A
G
A
A
G
G
A change in the DNA will be present in all
subsequent generations.
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Mutations and the molecular clock
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Changes in DNA can be Heritable
Some types of change Purines(A or G) mutated to
Purines Or Pyrimidines (C or T) mutated to
Pyrimidines Transitions Purines to Pyrimidines
or vice versa Transversions
Transversion
Transition
Deletion
Insertion
ATGT
ATCCT
ATC
ATCC
ATGC
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DNA Sequencing
http//www.dnai.org/b/index.html
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DNA can change over time
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Tracing Maternal Lineage
Sub-Saharan African L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6,
L7 West Eurasian H, T, U, V, X, K, I, J, W
(all listed West Eurasian haplogroups are derived
from macro-haplogroup N) East Eurasian A, B, C,
D, E, F, G, Y (note C, D, E, and G belong to
macro-haplogroup M) Native American A, B, C, D,
X Australo-Melanesian , P, Q, S
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Geneticist and anthropologist
Dr. Spencer Wells
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The Human Body

• Brain cells
• Heart cells
• Fat cells
• Nerve cells

http//www.ebi.ac.uk/microarray/biology_intro_file
s/cell.jpe

• Nucleus 23 pairs of chromosomes.
• Y-DNA tracks paternal descent
• Mitochondria Contain 2-10 copies of circular DNA
  molecules.
• mtDNA tracks maternal descent

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Mutations and the molecular clock
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Where do we come from? Still looking
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