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Week 5 Presenting Evidence J Lamb/LEAPS
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INTRODUCTION
During this session we will cover the following
topics

• What is meant by the phrase presenting evidence
• Why we acknowledge others work
• When and where we acknowledge their work
• How we present evidence within the body of text
  using the Harvard system of referencing
• How to prepare a reference list (or bibliography)
  using the Harvard system
• What happens when we fail to acknowledge others
  work

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WHAT WE MEAN BY PRESENTING EVIDENCE
Presenting evidence involves two processes

• As we covered in week 2 (Critical Thinking), to
  construct a convincing argument you need to
  provide supporting information (evidence). This
  evidence could be your own or, more likely, the
  work of others
• Where you use someones work to support an
  argument you have to present it in a particular
  way
• You also have to use a specific system for
  showing, in detail, where you found this
  information
• Expectations vary between different subjects but
  the principle of using supporting evidence and
  acknowledging the source, never changes

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Does it really matter if I acknowledge my sources?
Acknowledging sources matters because
J LAMB/LEAPS 2010
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Does it really matter if I acknowledge my sources?
Adds credibility to your ideas
Allows the reader to follow up points of interest
Turns opinion into argument
Acknowledging sources matters because
Academic courtesy
Youll be assessed on it!
Shows the marker youve carried out research
Avoids attracting suspicion of plagiarism
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WHEN YOU MIGHT PRESENT OTHERS WORK AS EVIDENCE
When do you think you might use others work to
support your ideas?

• in written assignments e.g. essays, reports
• during presentations
• in seminars, tutorial discussion or any other
  occasion when you wish to turn an opinion into an
  argument
• dduring exams?

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Types of information to acknowledge
Print media
Websites and other online sources
Text books
Acknowledge these sources
TV and radio
Speeches, interviews
Government reports and stats.
Academic journals and studies
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WHEN YOU MIGHT PRESENT OTHERS WORK AS EVIDENCE
Youll acknowledge information during and at the
end of assignments

• You might reproduce short passages of text,
  dialogue (e.g. part of a speech), statistics or
  diagrams in written work or on presentation
  slides direct quotation in the text
• You might present some of the same information
  but rewritten in your own words indirect
  quotation in the text
• You might acknowledge full details of these
  sources in a reference list at the end of your
  work
• You might list all the sources that informed your
  work even if you didnt use the information in
  your response, in a bibliography at the end of
  your work

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HARVARD REFERENCING INDIRECT QUOTATION IN THE
TEXT
You can acknowledge someones viewpoint in your
text without having to use a direct quotation
Recent evidence (Hepburn, 2008) suggests that the
fashion industry is in decline
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HARVARD REFERENCING INDIRECT QUOTATION IN THE
TEXT
Presenting an overall viewpoint where there are
two authors
The Paris fashion industry has remained largely
unaffected by global trends in financial markets
(Dunckel Godin, 2007).
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HARVARD REFERENCING INDIRECT QUOTATION IN THE
TEXT
On other occasions you might want to draw the
readers attention to a specific part of an
information source
According to Smith (2004, p.21) the availability
to purchase online reduced the power of the high
street retailers, accounting for a 13 drop in
year-on- year sales.
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HARVARD REFERENCING DIRECT QUOTATION IN THE TEXT
Sometimes you might find it useful to use a
direct quotation to emphasise a specific point or
to define a point
In her 2008 report Forecasts for Fashion, Hepburn
argues that there is undisputable evidence that
the boom has passed and that the overall
industry is experiencing decline.
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HARVARD REFERENCING QUOTATION IN THE TEXT
There might be occasions where you want to
express a view put forward jointly by two authors
In their 1996 survey Brown Clark showed that,
fashion is more to do with conforming to
societys expectations than making an individual
Statement
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HARVARD REFERENCING INDIRECT QUOTATION IN THE
TEXT
Some academic texts contain chapters by a number
of different authors. You need to acknowledge the
source of the information and the books author
In A New Perspective on World Fashion (Sutton,
2004) Simpson claims that independent retailers
will find it increasingly difficult to compete
with the major chains in the coming years
Or In future it will be hard for independent
retailers to compete with major chains (Simpson
in Sutton, 2004)
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HARVARD REFERENCING DIRECT QUOTATION IN THE TEXT
You might cite someone writing in a newspaper
Writing in The Times, Young (2003) suggested that
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PREPARING A REFERENCE LIST (USING HARVARD)
Including the full detail of the source within
your text would break up the flow of your work
therefore youll complete a reference list at the
back of your essay, report etc.

• Reference lists appear at the end of your work
  and list, in full detail, where you found each of
  the sources you made a direct reference to in
  your work.
• Your academic department might ask that a
  reference list that excludes background reading
  that, although useful, you did not cite in your
  work
• Your sources should be listed alphabetically (not
  grouped by type or subject)

Howeverdifferent departments take different
approaches some ask you to include full
details of references at the bottom of page where
the source was used, perhaps with a bibliography
at the end of the report/essay.
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PREPARING A REFERENCE LIST (USING HARVARD)
Where you have referred to information in a book
with a single author
Surname, Initial. (Year published) Title of book
in italics. Edition where not the first edition.
Place of publication Publishing company.
James, D. (2000) The big book of birds.
Denningston Denningston University Press.
James , D. (2000) The Big book about Studying.
2nd edn. Denningston Denningston University
Press
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PREPARING A REFERENCE LIST (USING HARVARD)
A quick exercise
I am the author. My book is called From
Portsmouth to Paradise travels with a football
anorak. My book is widely available thanks to my
publisher Janefield Street Press, whose office
is based in Glasgow. The version that youll pick
up in all good bookstores (although why youd
want to) is the second edition which I updated
in 2007.
Surname, Initial. (Year published) Title of book
in italics. Edition where not the first edition.
Place of publication Publishing company.
Lamb , J. (2007) From Portsmouth to Paradise
travels with a football anorak. 2nd edn.
Glasgow Janefield Street Press.
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PREPARING A REFERENCE LIST (USING HARVARD)
Where you cited a book with more than one author
Surname, Initial Surname, Initial. (Year
published) Title of book in italics. Edition
where not the first edition. Place of
publication Publishing company.
Davis, S. Hughes, R. (2001) The science of
ornithology a guide for beginners. Portsmouth.
Portsmouth Central Publishing.
Johnson, G. (2005) Domestic bird observation,
in Jordan, J. (ed.) British Birdlife. London
Camden University Press pp.33-46.
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PREPARING A REFERENCE LIST (USING HARVARD)
Where you have referred to information in an a
newspaper article
Article authors surname, Initial. (Year article
published) Title of newspaper article
Newspaper that article appeared within in
italics, day and month, page.
Garner, A. (1992) Brent geese put paid to plans
for new football ground The Hampshire
Chronicle, 18 May, p6.
Where you have referred to an article in a
journal
Article authors surname, Initial. (Year article
published) Title of article, Journal that
article appeared within in italics, Volume
number, part number, pages of article.

Nugent, D. (2004) Saying a prayer for our birds
of prey Issues in ecological conservation, 12
(4), pp.88-103.

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PREPARING A REFERENCE LIST (USING HARVARD)
Where you have cited an internet site
Article authors surname, Initial. (Year article
published) Title of internet site. Available at
http//www.url-location/ (Year information
published) (Accessed date that you accessed the
site including day, month, year).


Nelson, H. (2007) Sentinel Unlimited. Available
at http//www.sentinelfictionalreportage/news/it
em1939.htm/ (Accessed 22 December 2007).
Where you have cited a web source with no author
http//www.url-location/ (Year information
published) (Accessed date that you accessed the
site for the information including day, month,
year).
http//www.fictitiousornithologyreferences.com/wmb
lywnrs.html (2008). (Accessed 24 June 2008).
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PREPARING A REFERENCE LIST (USING HARVARD)
Your reference list will be compiled
alphabetically
Garner, A. (1992) Brent geese put paid to plans
for new football ground The Hampshire
Chronicle, 18 May, p6.
http//www.fictitiousornithologyreferences.com/wmb
lywnrs.html (2008). (Accessed 24 June 2008).
James, D. (2000) The Big book of birds.
Denningston Denningston University Press.
Nelson, H. (2007) Sentinel Unlimited. Available
at http//www.sentinelfictionalreportage/news/ite
m1939.htm/ (Accessed 22 December 2007).
Nugent, D. (2004) Saying a prayer for our birds
of prey Issues in ecological conservation, 12
(4), pp.88-103.
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PREPARING A BIBLIOGRAPHY
You wont always be asked to prepare a
bibliography - expectations will vary between
academic departments. Nevertheless, in general it
is
A list of all the sources that you consulted for
your work, arranged alphabetically by authors
last name, or when there is no author, by
title. Richard Pears and Graham Shields, Cite
them right the essential guide to referencing
and plagiarism (2004)

• Your bibliography lists all the information that
  contributed towards your work, even if you didnt
  quote the source
• It provides the reader with an indication of
  background reading that informed your thinking
• It offers a marker an insight into the quality of
  your research

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WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU DONT ACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCES
What might the consequences be for students who
fail to acknowledge the evidence they use in
their work?

• they might miss out on marks that are intended
  for correct referencing
• their arguments will appear to be unsupported and
  carry less weight (which again leads to lost
  marks)
• they give the marker/audience the impression of a
  student who is lazy, lacks attention to detail,
  is poorly organised or generally doesnt care for
  their studies
• the student might to attract accusations of
  plagiarism

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WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT PLAGIARISM
To begin, what is plagiarism?

• using someones elses work to support your own
  argument but neglecting to acknowledge the
  original source or author
• taking someone elses work and deliberately
  passing it off as your own
• downloading assignments for a fee
• paying someone else to complete an assignment for
  you

Plagiarism is using the work of others without
acknowledging your source of information or
inspiration. Even if you change words or
sentences you have borrowed or put them in a
different order, the result is still
plagiarism. Stella Cottrell, The Study Skills
Handbook (2003)
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WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT PLAGIARISM

• I take ideas from journals and, although I dont
  acknowledge the source, I will always write
• it into my own words

• Sometimes, a friend and I will work together on
  an assignment. Once weve cracked it well write
  up our answers separately.

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How do staff spot plagiarism in undergraduate
work?
Sudden change in quality of students arguments
Students writing style or voice fluctuates
Americanisms
Plagiarism is detected by
A number of students submit similar assignments
Detection software e.g. Turnitin
Marker has read the original sourceor wrote it!
Regular use of complex terminology in a single
passage of text
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WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT PLAGIARISM
What are the consequences for those found guilty
of plagiarism?
Whole paragraphs are copied unchanged, or even
whole essays. When such practices are detected,
students can find themselves in serious
difficulties, suffering heavy cuts in marks, or
even being thrown off their course. Andrew
Northedge, The Good Study Guide (2005)
Ignorance isnt a defence
http//www.independent.co.uk/news/education/educat
ion-news/student-expelled-for-internet-plagiarism-
565008.html
Penalty!
http//www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?se
ctioncode26storycode412088c1
Misconduct
http//www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/informatio
n-services/services/learning-technology/assessment
/plagiarism/further-assistance
Turn it in
http//www.submit.ac.uk/static_jisc/ac_uk_index.ht
ml
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WHY DO STUDENTS PLAGIARISE?
http//www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/jun/21/ment
alhealth.health/
http//www.rajpersaud.com/
http//www.primarytimes.net/images/RajPersaud.jpg
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WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT PLAGIARISM
How to avoid accidental plagiarism

• avoid the temptation to do lazy internet research
• record references as you go along
• take care when copying and pasting electronically
• make your own recording system to distinguish
  between your own note making and copying directly
  from a source different coloured pen?
• effective time management
• seek guidance and make sure you know the
  department-specific expectations for using
  evidence ignorance is not a defence!

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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
So, weve now seen that

• there are a range of good reasons why you need to
  acknowledge others work or ideas not least
  that doing so will gain you extra marks
• students are expected to acknowledge information
  in a particular wayand expectations may vary
  from one department to another
• the penalties can be severe for those who ignore
  guidelines on acknowledging others work
• it might not be particularly exciting, but the
  ability to acknowledge sources correctly is a key
  weapon in the the effective students armoury
• The first step in acquiring this skill is to
  acknowledge its significanceand to then try your
  hand at it

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INFORMATION SOURCES AND FURTHER READING
Useful referencing guides

• http//www.shef.ac.uk/library/libdocs/hsl-dvc1.pdf
  
• http//libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm
  ?harvard_id6363/

Reference list
Cottrell, S. (2003) The study skills handbook.
2nd edn. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan. Northed
ge, A. (2005) The good study guide. Milton
Keynes The Open University. Pears, R. Shields,
S. (2005) Cite them right the essential guide to
referencing and plagiarism. 2nd edn. Newcastle
upon Tyne Pear Tree Books.