Adrian Stone

1
Adrian Stone

• Office BS 148
• Office Hours
• Monday 945-1115
• Thursday 200-330
• Or by appointment
• acs47_at_dana.ucc.nau.edu
• Office Phone [phone] (but e-mail is better)

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Required Texts

• BIO 202 Laboratory Manual
• Saladins Anatomy and Physiology The Unity of
  Form and Function Laboratory Manual
• Text
• Saladins Anatomy and Physiology The Unity of
  Form and Function
• Optional, But Potentially Useful
• The Anatomy Coloring Book

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Human Parts

• This Laboratory will occasionally incorporate
  real human specimens.
• If this poses a problem for religious, cultural,
  ethical reasons, please inform me and we can
  accommodate

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Schedule

• The dates of all 12 labs, practicals, exercises,
  and due dates for assignments are on the syllabus
  and most likely will not change.

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Attendance

• Every week we learn an abundance of terminology
• You are responsible for all information,
  announcements, handouts, and materials given in
  lab
• For a strong performance read assigned labs prior
  to attending class, stay until lab is finished,
  and attend all labs
• THERE ARE NO MAKEUP QUIZZES OR ASSIGNMENTS AND NO
  EXTRA CREDIT

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Evaluation

• 2 Practical Exams - 60 points each
  
• 10 quizzes at beginning of lab - 10 points each
• Mostly practical type questions
• Quizzes mainly cover prior weeks material,
• but can cover older material
• Lowest quiz grade will be dropped
• 6 review exercises - 10 points each
• Randomly collected
• 2 Notebook evaluations - 15 points each
• TOTAL - 300 points
• Lab Grade is 25 final course grade

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Anatomy Notebook

• Purpose Record the information learned
  throughout the semester (ex. sketching different
  tissue types)
• Notebook will be graded 2 times during the
  semester (graded on content and effort)
• Colored pencils are recommended
• It will be as helpful as the effort that you put
  into it.

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• All students must be enrolled in both the lab and
  lecture portions of the course
• Lab25
• Lecture75

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• Additional info about Bio 202 can be found at
• http//www4.nau.edu/biology/bio202
• Problems with the lab that cannot be handled by
  me may be referred to Lara Dickson
• BS 212
• 523-9399
• Lara.Dickson_at_nau.edu

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Human Anatomy Lab 1

• Anatomical Terminology and Histology

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Anatomical Position

• Person stands erect
• Feet flat on floor
• Arms at sides
• Palms, eyes face facing forward
• Standard frame of reference for anatomical
  descriptions dissection

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Saladin p32
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Anatomical Planes

• Planes are imaginary flat surfaces passing
  through the body
• sections are anatomical views if body is cut on a
  plane
• Sagittal plane divides body into right and left
  halves
• Frontal (coronal) plane divides body into front
  back portions
• Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body
  into upper lower portions

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Sagittal and Parasagittal Planes

• Sagittal plane divides body into right and left
  halves
• midsagittal plane divides body into equal right
  and left halves
• parasagittal plane divides the body into right
  and left portions
• an infinite number

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Dissection through ______ plane
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Dissection through ______ plane
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Dissection through ______plane
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Organ Systems(RUN MRS LIDEC)

• Respiratory
• Urinary
• Nervous
• Muscular
• Reproductive
• Skeletal
• Lymphatic
• Integumentary
• Digestive
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular

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Microscopy

• Microscope Care
• - Always carry the scope with two hands
• - Only clean lenses with lens paper
• - Place and remove slides with the smallest
  objective engaged
• - When focusing in higher objectives only use
  the fine focus knob

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Important Features

• Stage
• Where you place your specimen
• Objectives
• Control magnification
• Ocular
• eyepiece
• Condenser
• Controls the light source focus
• You can either have a spotlight or a beam
  based on how you position your diaphragm lever
• Coarse/Fine Adjustment Knobs
• Know when to use each

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The Microscope
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Histology (review)

• Study of tissues
• Tissues
• cells extracellular material
• have a particular function
• Organs 2 or more tissues
• 4 main tissue types

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Histology

• The 4 tissue types
• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective Tissue
• Muscular Tissue
• Nervous Tissue

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Sectioning Solid Objects
1 2 3 4 5

• Compare sectioning a boiled egg to sectioning a
  cell with a centrally located nucleus
• Slices 1 5 miss the yolk / cell nucleus
• Yolk / cell nucleus is smaller in sections 2 4

1
5
2 3 4
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Sectioning Hollow Structures
A B

• Image A is a cross section of elbow macaroni, but
  it could be a blood vessel, piece of gut, or
  other tubular organ.
• Image B is a longitudinal section of a sweat
  gland. Notice what a single slice could look like

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Epithelial Tissue

• One or more layers of closely adhering cells
• Highly cellular
• Covers / lines parts of the body
• Forms a flat sheet with the upper surface exposed
  to the environment or an internal body cavity
• No room for blood vessels
• depends on underlying connective tissue for
  oxygen

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Epithelial Tissue

• Usually attached to underlying layers by
  non-cellular basement membrane (basal surface of
  cells)
• thin layer of collagen and adhesive proteins
• anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

• Classified by
• 1. Cell shape
• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• 2. Number of layers
• Simple
• Stratified

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Simple Versus Stratified Epithelia

• Simple epithelium
• contains one layer of cells
• named by shape of cells
• Stratified epithelium
• contains more than one layer
• named by shape of apical cells

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

• Single row of flat cells
• Allows rapid diffusion of substances secretes
  serous fluid
• Found in the air sacs of lungs, lining blood
  vessels, and is the surface layer of many
  membranes

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

• Single row of cube-shaped cells
• Reabsorption secretion (sweat, oil)
• Liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary and other
  glands, bronchioles, and most kidney tubules

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Simple Columnar Epithelium
Goblet cell
Microvilli

• Single row of tall, narrow cells
• vertically oriented, oval nuclei in basal half of
  cell
• Absorption secretion secretion of mucus
• Inner lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney
  uterine tubes

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Simple Columnar Epithelium (from Uterus)
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Pseudostratified Epithelium
Cilia
Goblet cell
Basal cell

• Single row of cells not all of which reach the
  free surface
• nuclei of basal cells give layer a stratified
  look
• Secretes and propels respiratory mucus
• Found in respiratory system

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Stratified Epithelia

• Composed of more than one layer of cells named
  for shape of surface cells
• exception is transitional epithelium
• Deepest cells sit on basement membrane
• Variations
• keratinized epithelium has surface layer of dead
  cells
• nonkeratinized epithelium lacks the layer of dead
  cells

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Keratinized Stratified Squamous

• Multilayered epithelium covered with layer of
  compact, dead squamous cells packed with protein
  keratin
• Retards water loss prevents penetration of
  organisms
• Forms epidermal layer of skin

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Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous
Epithelial layer

• Multilayered epithelium that lacks surface layer
  of dead cells forming abrasion-resistant, moist,
  slippery layer
• Found on tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus vagina

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Stratified Squamous
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium of
the esophagus.
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

• Two or more layers of cells surface cells square
  
• Secretes sweat ovarian hormones produces sperm
• Found sweat gland ducts ovarian follicles
  seminiferous tubules

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Transitional Epithelium

• Multilayered epithelium with rounded surface
  cells that flatten when the tissue is stretched
• Stretches to allow filling of urinary tract
• Found in urinary tract -- kidney, ureter, bladder

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Muscle Tissue
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Muscle Tissue

• Elongated cells that respond to stimuli by
  contracting
• Function is to exert physical force on other
  tissues
• move hand
• push blood through a vessel
• expel urine
• Important source of body heat
• 3 histological types of muscle
• skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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Smooth Muscle

• Short fusiform cells nonstriated with only one
  central nucleus involuntary
• Swallowing, GI tract functions, labor
  contractions, control of airflow, erection of
  hairs control of pupil
• Sheets of muscle in viscera iris hair follicles
  sphincters

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Next Week

• Next Week
• Quiz 1
• Study Questions
• Exercise 2 1-9, 18
• Exercise 3 all
• Exercise 6 1-8, 12, 25b
• Next Lab s 29 30
• Blood
• Blood Tests and Typing