19th Century Reforms

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19th Century Reforms

• Why now?
• What were the problems?
• Did the situations improve?

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Second Great Awakening 1820s-1840

• Lyman Beecher
• Emphasis on living religion, and importance of
  the church
• Henry Ward, Harriet, Catharine
• Charles Grandison Finney
• New York
• Anxious Bench
• Womens public speeches

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A Spirit of Reform

• Middle Class movement
• Moral Suasion
• Poverty avoided with good character
• Duty of middle class to help fix people
• Social control
• Limiting others activities to avoid chaos
• Millennialism

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The Burned over District
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Growth of (Protestant) denominations
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Public Institutions

• Schools become public, Horace Manns tax idea,
  grade levels, religion
• Hospitals clean, educated workers
• Prisons solitary confinement
• Orphanages not just child labor
• Poor houses education for manual labor
• Insane Asylums no more chains

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Asylums Before and After
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Additional Reforms 1830s

• Prostitution
• American Female Moral Reform Society
• Temperance
• Violating the Sabbath, Blue Monday, Alcoholism,
  Immigrants.

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Utopian Communities

• Shakers--Mother Ann

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• New Harmony, Indiana Robert Owen
• Free education
• Abolition of social classes and personal wealth

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• Oneida
• John Humphrey Noyes
• All adults married
• Birth control
• Planned mating

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Abolition

• Relation to other reforms
• Quakers 1700s
• American Colonization Society 1816
• Return to Africamotivations?
• American Anti-Slavery Society 1831
• Immediate Uncompensated Emancipation
• William Lloyd Garrison and The Liberator
• Free Soilers

Montserado (Monrovia)
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Sojourner Truthand Lydia Maria Child
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• Over the River and Through the Woods,To
  Grandmother's house we go. The horse knows the
  way to carry the sleigh Through white and
  drifted snow. 
• Over the River and Through the Woods, Oh, how
  the wind does blow. It stings the toes and bites
  the nose As over the ground we go. 
• Over the River and Through the Woods,To have a
  full day of play. Oh, hear the bells ringing
  ting-a-ling-ling, For it is Christmas Day. 

• Over the River and Through the Woods,Trot fast
  my dapple gray Spring o'er the ground just like
  a hound, For this is Christmas Day.
• Over the River and Through the Woods,And
  straight through the barnyard gate. It seems
  that we go so dreadfully slow It is so hard to
  wait. 
• Over the River and Through the Woods,Now
  Grandma's cap I spy. Hurrah for fun, the
  pudding's done Hurrah for the pumpkin pie.

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Lydia Maria Child

• Family
• Abolition
• Womens Rights
• The Frugal Housewife
• Childrearing
• The Thanksgiving Song

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Womans Rights

• Seneca Falls Convention 1848
• Declaration of Sentiments, excerpt
• The history of mankind is a history of repeated
  injuries and usurpations on the part of man
  toward woman, having in direct object the
  establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To
  prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid
  world.
• He has never permitted her to exercise her
  inalienable right to the elective franchise.

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• He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the
  formation of which she had no voice.
• He has withheld from her rights which are given
  to the most ignorant and degraded men -- both
  natives and foreigners. Having deprived her of
  this first right of a citizen, the elective
  franchise, thereby leaving her without
  representation in the halls of legislation, he
  has oppressed her on all sides.
• He has made her, if married, in the eye of the
  law, civilly dead.
• He has taken from her all right in property, even
  to the wages she earns.

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• He closes against her all the avenues to wealth
  and distinction which he considers most honorable
  to himself. As a teacher of theology, medicine,
  or law, she is not known.
• He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a
  thorough education, all colleges being closed
  against her.

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• He has created a false public sentiment by giving
  to the world a different code of morals for men
  and women, by which moral delinquencies by which
  exclude women from society, are not only
  tolerated, but deemed of little account in man.
• He has usurped the prerogative of Jehovah
  himself, claiming it as his right to assign for
  her a sphere of action, when that belongs to her
  conscience and to her God.

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Dress Reform