The Long 19th Century

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The Long 19th Century

• 1789-1900

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Liberal spill over

• Europe after the French Revolution experiences
  continued turmoil
• New liberal policies refining its meaning
• Nationalist- Independence Movements
• Continued discontent among the lower classes
• Continued calls for political reform
• English legislation and a realigning of political
  parties
• Palmer ...a vicious circle was set endlessly
  revolving

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Evolution of Liberal Ideology

• Pre 1789 John Locke, Adam Smith
  Enlightenment-like
• Post 1815 types of liberalism
• Classical English Liberalism
• New moderate French Liberalism
• Liberalism as expressed through right to
  self-government independence movements
• Post 1848
• More radical after the failure of the revolutions
  (emergence of Marxist philosophy)

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Evolution of Liberalism
Liberalism after 1848 Marxism Socialism
Original LiberalismBourgeoisieLocke British
Model
Conservatism Monarchy Aristocracy
Liberalism after 1789Democratic
reformRepublican Government
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Early 19th Century

• 1815-1848

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British Liberalism

• John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism, On Liberty
• Womens suffrage, graduated income tax
• Political Parties (Whigs Tories)
• Tories (liberal reform) Robert Peel, George
  Canning
• Catholic Emancipation Act 1829
• Repeal of the Corn Laws 1846 (anti-mercantilist)
• Factory Act 1833, Slavery Abolished
• Whig (political reform) -Rotten Boroughs, Voting
  Rights Reform Bill 1832 (1 of 6 males)
• Chartists (Charter of 1838) universal male
  suffrage, secret ballot, 1 person, 1 vote
  (Populists of England)

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Potato Famine 1847 Black 47 Peak 1841 census
recorded an Irish population of 8.2 million. By
1851 this figure had been reduced to 6.5 million
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Revolutionary Movements 1820s
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Revolutionary Movements 1830s
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The Eastern Question

• What will become of the Ottoman Empire?

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Bourbon Restoration

• 1830

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Challenges to early 18th C Liberalism

• The Conservative upper class
• Too many changes
• The Lower urban working classes
• Not enough changes
• Organized religions
• Too secular

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Revolution the birth of the Nation State

• 1848-1871

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Why 1848?

• A.J.P. Taylor, "history reached its turning point
  and failed to turn".
• Hans Rothfels, "Failure or not, 1848 was a
  genuine turning point. The year 1850 no more
  restored 1847 than 1815 had returned to 1788". .
  . .
• Lewis Namier, 1848 remains a seed-plot of
  history. It crystallized ideas and projected the
  pattern of things to come it determined the
  course of the following century."

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France 1848

• Louis Phillipes government ignored the needs and
  demands of the workers in the cities.
• February 1848
• 3 days of fighting
• King abdicated
• December 1848
• Louis Napoleon elected
• Second Republic
• (Napoleon III nephew)
• Napoleonic Legend

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June Days
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Napoleonic Legacy

• Arc de Triomphe
• Started during Napoleonic Rule 1808
• Completed under Louis Philippe 1833-1836

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"When France sneezes Europe catches a cold".

• Metternich

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Compare and Contrast political liberalism with
political conservatism in the first half of the
nineteenth century in Europe.
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Springtime of the PeopleVölkerfrühling

• Revolutions of 1848

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Austria 1848

• Hapsburgs _at_ Vienna
• Ethnic minorities (Hungarians, Slavs, Czechs,
  Italian, Serbs, Croats)
• Serfdom, feudal order
• Authoritarian rule, no liberal institutions
• Metternich dismissed by Hapsburgs, fled the
  country
• Series of Rebellions throughout empire
• Vienna abolition of serfdom
• Bohemia (Prague Conference Panslavism)
• Hungary Nationalist Movement

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Slavic Nationalism

• "The Slavs ask nothing but justice they rest
  upon moral force only....It is only by struggle
  that we pass from slavery to liberty. Let us
  therefore be victors, and we shall be free in a
  free nation, or let us die with honour, and glory
  will follow us to the grave."
• Pavel Jozef Šafárik

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1815
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German Confederation, 1848

• Liberals demanded a constitutional government a
  union of German states (Nationalist movement)
• Frankfurt Parliament (1848)
• Called for elections to a constituent assembly
  for purposes of unification
• Sought war to annex Schleswig Holstein
• Presented Constitution Invited Prussian
  Frederick William to serve as King
• Humiliation of Olmutz Austria demanded Prussian
  allegiance to German Confederation (German
  Dualism)

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Why did Frederick William reject offer?

• There is no power on earth that can succeed in
  making me transform the natural relationship
  between prince and people ... into a
  constitutional relationship, and I never will
  permit a written sheet of paper to come between
  our God in heaven and this land ... to rule us
  with its paragraphs and supplant the old, sacred
  loyalty."

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New Toughness of Mind Palmer

• Failure of 1848
• Idealism and romanticism discredited
• A return to realism, science, skepticism
• Positivism August Comte (sociology)
• Emergence of Marxist Communism (as a philosophy
  not a reality)
• Realpolitik politics of reality
• Follow practical interests

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Nationalism1815-1900 But what did
nationalism mean to people in the nineteenth
century?

• From France and across the central and southern
  portions of the continent, proponents of
  nationalism vigorously pushed their agendas

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Nationalism Early Stirrings prior to 1848

• Revolutionary!
• Rulers throughout Europe believed that
  nationalism would be a destabilizing force in
  existing governments-Therefore, they did all they
  could to crush nationalist sentiments within
  their own domains and sometimes helped their
  neighbors put down nationalist uprisings

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Nationalism after 1848

• A more practical approach developed
• More Machiavellian than romantic
• Realpolitik
• Germany Bismarcks Blood and iron
• Italy Cavour
• Turning Point Crimean War ended Concert System

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Crimean War 1854-1856

• Russia wanted further breakdown of Ottoman
  territories (clash of liberal nationalism and
  conservative nationalism)
• Under pretext of protection of Christians in Near
  East (traditionally role of France)

Russia
Ottoman France Britain Piedmont
CRIMEA PENINSULA
Austria (protect Balkans)
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Charge of the Light Brigade Alfred, Lord
Tennyson

• Florence Nightingale

• "Forward, the Light Brigade!"Was there a man
  dismay'd?Not tho' the soldier knew Someone had
  blunder'dTheirs not to make reply,Theirs not
  to reason why,Theirs but to do and dieInto the
  valley of Death Rode the six hundred.
• Battle of Balaclava

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Technology

• Photographs
• Telegraphs

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Impact of the Crimean War

• Weakened the authority of several rulers (Russia
  and Austria specifically weakened)
• undermined the existing balance of power system
  in Europe (Prussia Italy especially wanted
  change)
• strained international relations so much that
  rulers would no longer come to the aid of a
  neighbor or friend in times of crisis (end of
  concert system)
• 1860s 1870s see rebirth of nationalist
  sentiment
• when nationalist movements arose again in Europe
  in the 1860s and 1870s, they found much more
  fertile ground than they had twenty to thirty
  years earlier

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Italian Unification

• Risorgimento

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• Sardinia- Piedmont ruled by House of Savoy
  (Victor Emmanuel II)
• Naples ruled by Bourbon
• Papal States possession of the Roman See
• Venetia Lombardy possession of Austria
• North Central Italy were Duchies of
• TuscanyModena Parma

Venetia
Sardinia- Piedmont
Lombardy
Papal States
Naples Kingdom of Two Sicilies
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Italian Unification

• Early Leaders Mazzini, Pius IX (until Syllabus
  of Errors)
• Count Cavour Sardinia-Piedmont (NW) - Realpolitik
• Prime minister, editor of Il Risorgimento
  (newspaper)
• Built a liberal and economically sound state
  (railroads, docks, agricultural improvements)
• Curtailed the influence of the Church (abolish
  church courts)
• Sought unification of Northern and Central Italy
• Joined Crimean War
• Plombieres 1859 French Promise of support in
  war with Austria
• Provoked war with Austria (1859Franco-Austrian
  War)

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Italian Unification

• By 1860 the North Unified
• Franco-Austrian War settlement
• Lombardy to Piedmont
• Plebiscite Tuscany, Modena, Parma to Piedmont
• In the SouthArmed expedition
• Giuseppe Garibaldi Red Shirts (1,150)
• Landed in Sicily, moved to Mainland
• Two Sicilies collapsed (Bourbons)
• Made move to Rome, agreed to endorse King Victor
  Emmanuel II
• Plebicites (except Rome)

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Italian Unification

• First Parliament of a united Italy in 1861
• Excludes Venetia, Rome
• Venetia added 1866 as result of Austro-Prussian
  War
• Rome annexed in 1870 after withdrawal of French
  troops

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German Unification
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German Unification Background

• Napoleonic Germany National Awakening
• Intellectual Romantic thinkers
• Herder Volk or Volksgeist (Zeitgeist (zeit time
  geist spirit)
• Stressed differences among nations
• Cultural nationalism
• Suspicious of anything that might corrupt the
  purity of Volk
• Politically astute and aware of the paternalistic
  nature of German government
• Creating a German identity
• Grimm Fair Tales (study of languages)
• Hegelian Dialectic history is a process.
• The fragmentation of Germany ultimately bred a
  unified Germany

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German Unification Background

• After 1815 Prussia emerged as leading German
  State
• Zollverein customs union 1834 -included most of
  Germany except Austria and Bavaria
• Debate
• Grossdeutsch plan unified Germany including
  Prussia Austria
• Kleindeutsche plan unified Germany excluding
  Austria

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Realpolitik

• The position of Prussia in Germany will not be
  determined by its liberalism but by its power ...
  Prussia must concentrate its strength and hold it
  for the favourable moment, which has already come
  and gone several times. Since the treaties of
  Vienna, our frontiers have been ill-designed for
  a healthy body politic. Not through speeches and
  majority decisions will the great questions of
  the day be decided - that was the great mistake
  of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood.

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German Unification Bismarck

• Junker heritage
• 1862 Chief Minister
• Prussian loyalties, not German
• Constitutional Crisis
• Gap theory Lückentheorie favor with King
• Conservative

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Realpolitik Blood Iron

• 1864 Danish German War
• Prussia Austria defeated Denmark and gained
  both Schleswig and Holstein
• 1866 Austro-Prussian War (7 Weeks War)
• Prussia defeated Austria and alliance of German
  states to obtain Holstein
• Annexed Schleswig, Holstein, Frankfurt, Hanover,
  Nassau
• 1867 North German Confederation
• Excluded Austria German states south of the
  Main River
• Creation of Reichstag liberal reforms
  (universal male suffrage) Prussian King is head
  of state

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1870 Franco- Prussian War

• Causes
• Spanish Insurrection invited Hohenzollern
  (Leopold II) to Spanish throne - declined
• Ems Dispatch French required Prussians to never
  accept invite
• Prussian King had been insulted
• Napoleon III declared war on Prussia
• Outcome
• Two months Napoleon captured, govt collapsed
• Paris Constituent governments (Paris Commune)
  declared Third Republic, continued fight
• January 1871 Hall of Mirrors Bismarck declared
  the German Empire
• Last German States (except Austria) joined
  Prussia
• Annexed Alsace-Lorraine

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        Kingdom of Prussia in 1866
        Annexations after the Seven Weeks War of
1866         Extensions towards forming the
North German Confederation 1867         Other
Germanic territories agree to the formation of a
Second German Empire after the Franco-Prussian
War of 1870-1871
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Consolidation

• 1815 German Confederation
• 39 States
• 1848 Frankfurt Assembly
• Great Germans
• Little Germans
• 1867 North German Confederation
• Prussia 21 other states
• Austria southern states excluded
• 1871 German Empire
• Remaining German states and Alsace-Lorraine

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Europe 1871
Consider also, world events American Civil
War Meiji Restoration Large powerful Nation
States, with at least the appearance of liberal
institutions What will be there influence on
future world events??