MATTER

1
MATTER
2
MATTER is defined as anything that takes up
spaceand has mass. Examples of matter include
all the elements, compounds, mixtures, cows milk
and store milk.
3
Matter comes in one of 3 PHASES.
4
Matter changes from one phase to anotherby these
processes... MELTING FREEZING BOILING CONDENSATION
SUBLIMATION DEPOSITION
Solid to liquid
Liquid to solid
Boiling water vaporizes into steam
Liquid to gas
Gas to liquid
Sublimation is when a solid goes directly to the
gas phase, and deposition is the opposite. In our
class you will see solid iodine sublimate to a
fantastic purple gas, and some of it will
undergo deposition and form back into solid
iodine again.
5
ELEMENTS
Depending upon who is counting, there are
approximately 114 unique substances known to man
at this time. They are the building blocks of
all substances we know of. They are listed in
the PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS. Atoms are the
smallest part of an element. Examples include
CARBON, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, and OXYGEN. Your
teachers favorite element is MERCURY and he also
really likes TUNGSTEN.
6
Compounds
When two or more elements combine chemically to
forma new substance, with its own UNIQUE
physical and chemical properties, the new
substance is called a compound. Examples of
common compounds include TABLE SALT (sodium
chloride) BUNSEN BURNER GAS (methane) andWATER
(dihydrogen monoxide)
7
ALLMATTER
MIXED SUBSTANCES
PURE SUBSTANCES
physically separable into
(HOMOGENEOUS)
(VARIED COMPOSITIONS)
HETEROGENEOUSMIXTURESex SOUP, SALAD, CONCRETE,
COWS MILK
COMPOUNDSex water, salt, iron oxide
chemically separable into
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURESex coffee, air, STORE MILK.
ELEMENTS iron, neon, mercury, lead, carbon.
8
IRON becomes RUSTThis is a chemical reaction.
The iron and oxygen are the reactants, which
chemically combine into a new substance with new
properties.
RUST forms, which is a kind of IRON OXIDE. The
iron oxide is the PRODUCTof this chemical
reaction
9
REACTANTS COMBINE TO FORM PRODUCTS

• Another chemical reaction you probably know of
  is called photosynthesis.
• In this reaction carbon dioxide and water combine
  to form oxygen and glucose.
• The reactants are the carbon dioxide water.
• The products are oxygen and glucose.

10
Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter Cannot Be Created Nor Destroyed in any
PHYSICAL or CHEMICAL CHANGE. In every case, the
mass of the reactants equals the mass of the
products.
11
Match the element name with its symbol

• sodium
• potassium
• magnesium
• chlorine
• oxygen
• carbon
• iron
• helium
• calcium
• sulfur
• aluminum

• Cl
• O
• He
• Ca
• S
• K
• Fe
• Mg
• Al
• Na

12
Match the element name with its symbol

• sodium - Na
• potassium - K
• magnesium - Mg
• chlorine - Cl
• oxygen - O
• carbon - C
• iron - Fe
• helium - He
• calcium - Ca
• sulfur - S
• aluminum - Al

Not all of the symbols match up to the first
letters of the element names because many
elements are named from other languages.
Practice the symbols, or look them up NEVER
GUESS !
13
13
This slide left intentionally blank.
14
In the chemical reaction of the combustion of
methane with oxygen (what happens on your stove
or Bunsen burner), carbon dioxide and water are
produced and heat is given off. Label the
reactants and products in the word, and the
balanced chemical equations below.
methane oxygen carbon
dioxide water heat
15
Since it is the REACTANTS that combine to form
PRODUCTS it should be clear already that the the
REACTANTS ARE methane and oxygen the PRODUCTS
ARE carbon dioxide water HEAT is also given
off during this reaction. Heat is a product,
but it has no mass.
reactants chemically combine into products
methane oxygen carbon
dioxide water heat REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
16
Two types of Mixtures
Mixtures are when two or more pure substances
(elements or compounds) are physically mixed
together. They retain their properties, they do
not chemically combine. They can mix perfectly
together (like chocolate sauce and milk) or not
so well (like salt and nickels). Mixed perfectly
the mixture is said to be HOMOGENEOUS, the same
throughout. If the mixture is not mixed the same
throughout is called HETEROGENEOUS.
Fresh chocolate milk is homogeneous, but if you
let it sit too long, the chocolate settles to the
bottom, making the mixture heterogeneous.
17
Which of these mixtures are homogeneous, which
are heterogeneous?

• split pea soup
• apple sauce
• Mint chocolate chip ice cream
• tap water
• coffee with cream
• saltwater
• IV glucose solution
• Elmers glue
• motor oil
• Oatmeal raisin cookie dough

Early Chemists describe the first DIRT MOLECULE.
(from the Far Side)
18
homogeneous or heterogeneous?

• split pea soup homogeneous
• apple sauce. homogeneous
• Mint chocolate chip ice cream.. heterogeneous
• tap water.. homogeneous
• coffee with cream. homogeneous
• saltwater homogeneous
• IV glucose solution homogeneous
• Elmers glue.. homogeneous
• motor oil homogeneous
• Oatmeal raisin cookie dough.. heterogeneous

19
Conservation of Mass Problems
Hydrogen and oxygen react chemically to form
water. How much water is formed if exactly 4.8
grams of hydrogen combines completely with 38.4
grams of oxygen? ____ If 28.0 grams of nitrogen
will combine chemically with hydrogen, to form
34.0 grams of ammonia (ammonia NH3 ) exactly
how many grams of hydrogen are required for this
reaction? ___ If 24.0 grams of carbon chemically
combine with 2.0 grams of hydrogen to form
acetylene, how many grams of acetylene is made?
___ all three answers at
the END of slide show
20
Separating Mixtures
Mixtures are physical blends of matter.
Mixtures are not chemical compounds. Mixtures
retain the properties of the substances that are
in them. They can be separated by physical
means. The different physical properties of the
matter are used to separate them (such as Boiling
and Freezing Points, and Density).
Go slowly through the next few slides and THINK.
21
Distillation apparatus whats it for how does
it work?
In the round bottomed flask at left is a MIXTURE,
for instance it is SALT WATER. The salt is mixed
into the water, but it is not a new chemical
compound.
Because the salt and the water have different
physical properties specific to their kind of
matter, we can use this difference to separate
them physically using their different boiling
points.
22
Distillation apparatus whats it for how does
it work?
Heating the salt water to 102ºC, the water boils
into steam. The salt would require MUCH MORE
heat to vaporize, so as the steam escapes out the
top of the tube and goes into the condenser tube,
the salt is left behind in the round bottomed
flask. The MIXTURE IS NOW SEPARATED. Using
differences in physical properties to separate a
mixture.
23
Distillation apparatus RESULTS
The law of conservation of matter says Matter
cannot be created or destroyed in any physical or
chemical process. If you started with 120
grams of salt water (made from 100 grams of water
and 20 grams of salt), You end up with 100 grams
of water in the flask at right, and the 20 grams
of salt get left behind in the round bottomed
flask.
24
Distillation apparatus RESULTS
You use the difference between physical
properties, such as boiling point in this case,
to separate mixtures with physical means. This
could work for ANY two or more substances you put
into the round bottomed flask, that had different
boiling points. For example, this is how you
separate gasoline from crude oil using the
different boiling points for each kind of oil
product.
25
You can separate iron filings from sand just by
using a magnet. The mixture is just a blend of
different kinds of matter. You can separate a
mixture with a physical method this simple.
26
FILTERS can separate mixtures too, but they can
only remove solids from liquids. Here it looks
liked chopped KIWI fruit is being filtered and
only Kiwi Juice will end up in the
beaker. Mixtures like salt water, or coffee
(which are both SOLUTIONS) cannot be filtered
apart, you need the distillation apparatus.
27
Paper Chromatographyis another way to separate
mixtures from each other. Putting drops of
colored ink from markers onto filter paper and
then allowing the water to flow through the paper
will result in the inks being separated in to the
different colors that blend together to make the
colors. Most single color markers are really
mixtures of several colors.
water
28
Soon the water flows upwards and separates out
the different colors of ink that make up the
mixture of colors that appears blue to our eyes.
water flows up
The colors breaking into rainbows above left is
what will happen to the color dot at right as the
water flows through it. The water will separate
the colors of the mixture and the least dense
colors will move the furthest. Chromatography
is another way to separate mixtures from each
other using different densities of colors to move
fast or slow through filter paper.
29
Conservation of Mass ANSWERS
Hydrogen and oxygen react chemically to form
water. How much water is formed if exactly 4.8
grams of hydrogen reacts completely with 38.4
grams of oxygen? 43.2 grams If 28.0 grams of
nitrogen will combine chemically with hydrogen,
to form 34.0 grams of ammonia (ammonia NH3 )
exactly how many grams of hydrogen are required
for this reaction? 6.0 grams If 24.0 grams of
carbon chemically combine with 2.0 grams of
hydrogen to form acetylene, how much acetylene is
made? 26.0 grams