Oceanography

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Oceanography
THE BLUE PLANET
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The Ocean Floor
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1. Almost _____ of the earth is covered by ocean
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2. What are the four main ocean basins Pacific
Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean
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3. The largest ocean basin Pacific
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4. What does bathymetry mean? bathos
depth metry measurement To measure the depth
and shape (topography) of the ocean floor
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What kind of map?
Topographic Map of The Ocean
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5. What do oceanographers use to measure the
ocean floor?
SONAR
What is Sonar? Sound Navigation and Ranging Sound
waves are sent down into the ocean They bounce
back and the time it takes for the sound waves to
return to the sender is measured This can be used
to calculate the dept of the ocean
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Satellites are also used to measure the ocean
floor
6. How do satellites measure the ocean?
Microwaves
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7. Area between a continent and the ocean basin
Continental Margin
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Ocean Basin Floor
Includes Deep ocean trenches Abyssal
plains Volcanic peaks seamounts and guyots
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Deep Ocean Trench
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9. Name the parts of the ocean floor
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Continental Shelf
Continental Slope
Abyssal Plain
Continental Rise
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10. Submerged Volcanic Peaks ?
Seamounts
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11. Near the center of ocean basinSystem of
underwater mountainsLongest feature of the
earths surface
Mid Ocean Ridge
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12. Magma risesTwo lithospheric plates are
moving apartForms new ocean floor
Seafloor Spreading
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13. Mineral-rich, heated water escapes through
cracksMinerals are deposited on the ocean floor
Hydrothermal Vent
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14. Materials that settle and build up on the
ocean floor
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Seafloor Sediments
The 3 kinds of seafloor sediment?
Terrigenous Sediment Biogenous Sediment Hydrogenou
s Sediment
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Minerals that come from the landGravel, sand,
clay
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Terrigenous Sediment
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Sediment that comes from other life
formsBiological originShells, skeletons from
marine animalsDead algae
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Biogenous Sediment
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Minerals that crystallize on the ocean
floorDissolved minerals or salts
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Hydrogenous Sediment
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15. What type of energy resources do we get from
the ocean floor?
Oil Natural Gas Gas Hydrates Sand and
Gravel Manganese Nodules Evaporative Salts
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16. What are gas hydrates?
Chemical structures made of water and natural
gas. Created when bacteria break down organic
matter trapped in ocean floor sediments.
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Gas Hydrate
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17. What can we get from manganese nodules?
Manganese (Mn) Iron (Fe) Cobalt (Co) Nickel
(Ni) Copper (Cu)
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Manganese Nodules
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18. Where do oil and natural gas come from?
Decomposed microorganisms buried under marine
sediments.
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Oil
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Natural Gas
Natural gas is a hydrocarbon, which means it is
made up of compounds of hydrogen and carbon. The
simplest hydrocarbon is methane it contains one
carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.
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Periodic Table of Elements
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Atomic Number number of electrons in the nucleus
Atomic Weight or Mass the weight of the
electrons and protons
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The Composition of Seawater
OR Whats in it
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Seawater contains salts21. What are salts?
Dissolved substances 22. Seawater contains about
____ salts.
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23. The amount of dissolved materials or salts
in seawater is called _________.
salinity
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24. Where do these salts come from?
Chemical weathering of rocks Runoff from rivers
and streams Volcanic eruptions in the ocean
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Common salts found in seawater
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Magnesium Chloride
(MgCl) Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4) Calcium Chloride
(CaCl2) Potassium Chloride (KCl) Sodium
Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Potassium Bromide
(KBr) Hydrogen Borate (H3BO3) Strontium Chloride
(SrCl2) Sodium Fluoride (NaF)
- Table Salt
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Ocean Layering
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25. What are the 3 layers of the ocean? Surface
Zone Transition Zone Deep Zone
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26. Ocean Layers Sketch
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Surface Zone
Description More energy from the sun Warmest
layer Down to about 300 meters
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Transition Zone
Description Area between surface zone and deep
zone Temperature drops rapidly as you get deeper
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Deep Zone
Description No sunlight A few degrees above
freezing
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Ocean Life
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Bacteria
Single celled, microscopic organisms.
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Comes from dead plants, animals, microorganisms
Organic Matter
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Sand and Gravel
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Chemical weathering of rocks
Runoff
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Volcanic eruptions in the ocean
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Surface
Transition
Deep
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Plankton (floaters) Plankton (planktos)
_____________ Drift in the ocean
currents Includes Algae Animals (very
tiny) Bacteria (microscopic)
wandering
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Algae
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Phytoplankton
Photosynthesize
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Diatoms - Example of phytoplankton
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Zooplankton
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Examples of Zooplankton
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Maine Life Zones
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Ocean Circulation
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Ocean Currents
Masses of ocean water that flow from one place to
another. Surface Currents Wind causes friction
on the ocean surface and causes currents. Gyres
(gyer) Huge circular moving currents.
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Surface Currents
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Gyres
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Waves and Tides
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What are Waves? Energy traveling through the
ocean water. The energy comes from wind, storms,
and volcanic activity.
Wave Height Vertical distance between wave trough
and crest. Wave Length Horizontal distance
between two waves.
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Breaking Waves
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Tides
What are tides? Daily changes in the elevation of
the ocean surface. Caused by the gravitational
attraction upon the earth by the moon and the
sun. Creates a tidal bulge.
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