The Human World

1
The Human World

• Population, Culture, Political and Economic
  Systems, Resources, Trade and the Environment

2
World Population

• 6.2 b people on earth
• Until Industrial Revolution worlds population
  grew slowly
• Birthrate growing faster than death rate
• Natural increase difference between birthrate and
  death rate

3
Why population rates vary

• Improved healthcare, adavanced technology, better
  nutrition lower death rate
• In industrialized countries this accompanied by
  low birthrate
• Some countries have reached zero population
  growth
• Developing world (Latin America, Africa, Asia)
  birthrate high
• Large families (cultural feelings)

4
Population Growth
5
Challenges of Population Growth

• Food Supply
• Use resources quickly
• Can technology keep up?

6
Negative Population Growth

• Death Rate exceeds birth rate
• Late 1900s in Europe
• Difficult to keep economy going- fewer workers
• Import laborers causes tension between groups

7
Population Distrbution

• Human settlement is uneven
• Less than one- third of planet inhabited
• Most live near water, fertile soil and climate
  make life sustainable
• Asia 60 of worlds population
• Europe, N.A. most live in urban areas

8
Population Density

• Determine how crowded a country is by how many
  live in a square mile or kilometer of land
• Why is this not accurate? (p.78)

9
Population Movement

• Migration movement from one place to another
  (urban to rural areas, country to country)
• Why? push and pull factors
• Population moving to urban areas
• Reasons- jobs, opportunity
• War, environmental disaster, famine cause forced
  migration

10
Global Cultures

• Culture- way of life shared by a group of people
• Includes
• Language
• Religion
• Subgroups
• Government
• Economics

11
Language

• Communicate information, share and pass on
  tradition, values
• Unifies culture
• Worlds languages divided into language groups,
  groups with similar roots

12
Religion

• Vary greatly around world
• Unify people, provides sense of identity
• Influences daily life- morals, values, holidays
• Religious symbols, stories shaped literature,
  arts

13
World Religions
14
Social Groups

• Allow cultures to work together to meet basic
  needs
• Family most important part of all cultures,
  makeup varies
• Social class- rank based on wealth, ancestry,
  education, other criteria
• Some include diverse ethnic groups (share common
  language, history, etc.)

15
Government

• Government reflects culture
• All maintain order, protection from outside
  forces, supply services to people
• Organized by levels of power (national, state,
  local)
• Type of authority- single leader, small group of
  leaders, representative leaders

16
Economic Activity

• How cultures utilize resources
• How cultures produce, obtain, use and sell goods
  and services

17
Culture Regions

• Divided into culture regions that share certain
  traits
• Economic systems, forms of government, social
  groups, language
• Share common history, art forms, religion

18
Cultural Change

• What creates cultural change?
• Within- lifestyles, ideas, inventions
• Outside influences- trade, movement of people and
  war
• Process of spreading new knowledge and skills
  from one culture to another cultural diffusion

19
Agricultural Revolution

• 10, 000 years ago people first settled in river
  valleys, established permanent settlements
• Shift from gathering food to producing food
  agricultural revolution
• 3500 B.C. organized, city based societies with
  government, trade, art, science established
  (civilizations)

20
Culture Hearths

• First civilizations in areas called cultural
  hearths
• All emerged in areas with mild climate, fertile
  land and were located near a major river or
  source of water
• Factors allowed people to grow surplus food

21
Specialization and Civilization

• Surplus food allowed development of other
  economic activities- economic activities and
  trade
• Increased wealth, formed complex governments and
  societies
• Governments coordinated building projects,
  harvests and military defense
• Creation of writing systems to record and
  transmit information

22
Cultural Contacts

• Causes of Change
• Contact between civilizations through trade and
  travel
• Permanent migration
• Forced migration (slaves)
• Favorable conditions (climate, opportunity,
  freedom) draw people from one region to another
• Cause tradition, practices, beliefs to blend
  across cultures

23
Industrial and Information Revolution

• Industrial Revolution- 1750s changes in
  production b/c of mechanization led to economic,
  social change
• People left farms for jobs, working and living
  conditions improved
• End of 1900s Information Revolution links
  cultures across globe

24
Political and Economic Systems

• Territory, population, sovereignty, freedom from
  outside control managed by governments
• Make and enforce laws that bind people together
• Governments reflect historic, cultural
  characteristics of each country
• Most have different levels of government

25

• RED indicates populistic system
• BLUE indicates democratic system.
• ORANGE indicates that political system of the
  country is now changing from populistic to
  democratic.http//www.geocities.com/historymech/m
  aps2.html
• WHITE means "not enough data to determine
  political system".
• GREEN indicates occupied countries (also "not
  enough data" to determine political system).
• Yellow dots mark countries that probably could
  become democratic in next few years.

26
Government Systems

• Unitary System
• Gives all power to a central government
• Usually small, not ethnically diverse
• United Kingdom, France
• Federal System
• Power divided between states and central
  government
• Each has sovereignty in certain areas
• U.S., Canada, Brazil, Australia, India

27
Types of Government

• Three major groups
• Autocracy- oldest most common form of government
• Achieve authority by inheritance, use of force
• Types- totalitarian (single leader) controls all
  aspects of life, monarchy (king, queen)
  leadership inherited, have supreme power of
  government
• Constitutional monarchy- monarch share power with
  elected legislatures

28
Types of Government

• Oligarchy- small group holds power
• Power from wealth, military power, social
  position (sometimes religion)
• Control decisions made by elected legislatures,
  give appearance of representing people
• Usually suppress all political opposition

29
Types of Government

• Democracy- leaders rule with consent of citizens
• Citizens have ultimate power
• Representative democracy- elect people to make
  laws, conduct government (legislature)
• Republic- all major officials elected, head of
  state elected for certain term

30
Economic Systems

• Three Basic Decisions
• What and how many goods and services should be
  produced
• How they should be produced
• Who gets the goods and services produced
• Three types of economic systems
• Traditional
• Market
• Command

31
Economic Systems

• Traditional Economy
• Habit and custom define activity
• Not free to make decisions, do what was done in
  the past
• Not many left

32
Economic Systems

• Market Economy (Capitalism)
• Individuals, private groups makes decisions
• Based on free enterprise (make what people will
  buy)
• Free enterprise based on right to make a profit
  w/o govt interference
• People decide where to work
• Mixed economy- govt supports and regulates free
  enterprise, keep competition free and fair
• Govt influences economies by spending
• United States is an example

33
Economic Systems

• Command Economy
• Govt owns means of production- land, labor,
  capital
• Directs all economic activity
• Belief that it is good for society
• Citizens have no say in how money is spent by
  govt

34
Resources, Trade and the Environment

• Natural Resources
• Two types- renewable, nonrenewable
• Nonrenewable resources minerals, fossil fuels
• Need to be conserved
• Renewable resources- hydroelectric power, solar
  energy, nuclear energy
• Can be expensive, possible environmental
  consequences

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Economic Development

• Uneven distribution of resources affects global
  economy
• Some countries develop economies based on their
  natural resources
• World Economic Activities divided into four types
• Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

37
Economic Development

• Primary Economic Activity- taking and using
  natural resources, primary economic activity
  takes place near natural resources
• Secondary Economic Activity- adds value to raw
  materials (manufacturing), activity occurs close
  to markets
• Tertiary Activity- professional, wholesale or
  retail activities
• Quaternary Activity- processing, management and
  distribution of information (white collar
  professionals)

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Economic Development

• Developed Countries- mfg., service industries
  employ most people
• Commercial farming, dont need as many people to
  grow food
• High standard of living

40
Economic Development

• Developing Countries- mainly in Africa, Asia,
  Latin America
• Working toward manufacturing, mostly agricultural
  
• Subsistence farming
• Most people poor

41
Economic Development

• Wealth in developed world leads to resentment
• Militant groups form to strike back and heighten
  influence to promote change (terrorists)

42
World Trade

• Unequal distribution of resources causes global
  trade networks to develop
• Multinational companies (MNCs) stimulate trade
• Based in developed countries, set up assembly
  operations in smaller countries to keep down
  labor costs, sell to developed countries

43
World Trade

• Barriers to Trade
• Countries mange trade to benefit them
• Set up restrictions on goods from other countries
  (tariffs, quotas, embargoes)
• Recent movement to free trade (removal of trade
  barriers)
• Regions join together to remove restrictions
  (NAFTA, European Union)

44
People and the Environment

• Human economic activity has affected environment
• Water, air, land pollution
• Deforestation
• Expansion of human communities threatens natural
  ecosystems (desertification is an example)