Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

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Chapter 23

• Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and
  Lymphatic Systems

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Structure and function of the cardiovascular
system

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Structure and function of the lymphatic system

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Bacterial diseases

• Septicemia
• Growth of microorganisms in the blood
• Gram negative sepsis
• Gram positive sepsis
• Lymphangitis

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Bacterial diseases

• Septicemia
• Lymphangitis
• Puerperal sepsis
• Usually caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
• Uncommon now

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Bacterial infections of the heart

• Subacute endocarditis
• Caused by alpha-hemolytic streps
• Enterococci and staph are also involved
• Can result from body piercing
• Must be treated promptly
• Acute endocarditis
• Usually caused by S. aureus
• Must treat promptly

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Rheumatic fever

• Complication from a strep infection
• Subcutaneous nodules often occur early
• Can cause permanent heart damage
• Prevent by promptly treating strep infections

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Brucellosis (Undulant fever)

• Caused by Brucella sp., gram negative rod
• Disease causes abortion in livestock
• Wild animals are the reservoir
• Domestic animals can be vaccinated
• Organism can be transmitted to humans in
  unpasteurized milk
• Symptoms are chills and fever that spikes usually
  in the evenings

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Anthrax

• Caused by Bacillus anthracis
• More common in grazing animals
• Three forms in humans
• Cutaneous
• Gastrointestinal
• Mortality is greater than 50
• Pulmonary
• Extremely high mortality rate
• Treatment must be prompt

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Gangrene

• Soft tissue death due to loss of blood flow
• Anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium) grow in the dead
  tissue
• Fermentation of carbohydrates causes gas
  production
• Toxins and enzymes from bacteria can enter
  healthy tissue
• Treated by debridement, amputation, and
  hyperbaric chambers

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Plague

• Caused by Yersinia pestis
• Transmitted by rat fleas
• Bubonic plague
• Skin is bruised and lymph nodes enlarge
• Mortality rate is 50-75 if untreated
• Pneumonic plague
• Infects lungs
• Mortality rate approaches 100

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Lyme disease

• Most common tick-borne disease in U.S.
• Caused by a spirochete
• Bulls-eye rash occurs at the site of tick bite
  in most cases
• Symptoms vary but arthritis is usually the
  long-term problem
• Most antibiotics are effective in eliminating the
  bacteria

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Spotted fevers

• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
• Caused by rickettsias transmitted by ticks
• Symptoms are fever, headache, and a rash
• Treated with antibiotics

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Viral diseases

• Infectious mononucleosis
• Caused by the EB virus
• More common in young adults from middle and upper
  socioeconomic backgrounds
• Symptoms are fever, sore throat, swollen lymph
  nodes, and weakness
• Recovery is very slow

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Protozoan diseases

• Malaria
• Symptoms are fever, chills, vomiting, and
  headache that occur at 2-3 day intervals
• Mosquitoes transmit the parasite
• Plasmodium infects red blood cells after
  reproducing in the liver first
• Reproduce by schizogony
• Treated with quinine products
• Individuals with sickle-cell trait have a degree
  of immunity

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