21 at 20041

1
?????aµµa Sp??d?? ??????s? ?p??e???se?? ?a?
???a??sµ??

• 4? ?SS ??? 42
• ??????s? ?????? ????t?ta? ?a? ??a?e???s?
  ?e??ß?????t??
• ??a?e???s? F?s???? ????? (??µ?? E)

2
?ef??a?? 1 H ?p??e???s?a?? ??e??a st?
?e??ßa????t??? ??????s?

• ? ep??e???s?a?? ??e??a ?? e??a?e?? ?????
  pe??ßa????t????
• ?p?f?se?? ?p?st?µ????? p??pa?as?e?? t??
  ap?f?se??.
• ????d?? ? ?p??a t? ?a?a?t????e? e??a? ? a??pt???
  ep?st?µ?????? µ??t???? ??a t? s?st?µa p??
  µe?et?ta? ?a? pe???aµß??e? µet??se?? t??a???
  pa?a???t??, µe t?? ?p??e? p??ß??p??ta? ?a?
  s????????ta? ta ap?te??sµata e?a??a?t????
  ap?st?se?? st?at?????? ?a? e??????.
• S??e?sf??e? s?µa?t??? st?? ep???s?
  pe??ßa????t???? p??ß??µ?t?? ta ?p??a s???st??ta?
  ap? p????? pa?aµ?t???, s????t?s? ??s?? ?a? ??????
• ??ep???e?a ?ata???s?? ??a ta d??f??a f?s???
  ??µ??? ? ß???????? fa???µe?a aßeßa??t?ta ??
  p??? t?? s??se?? a?t??? ap?te??sµat??
• ?e??ßa????t??? p??stas?a e?a?t?ta? ap? t? s?st?µa
  a???? t?? ??????? ap?fas?? (???d?? ? pe??ß?????).

3
???s?da pa?a?????-d?a??µ?? ?a? pe??ßa????t???
a??s?da

• St?d?a efa?µ????
• ?a?at???s? ?a? a????s? (p??ß??µat??)
• ??a??t?s? ?a? p??sd????sµ?? t?? ??s??
• ?fa?µ??? t?? ?? sta pe??ßa????t??? p??ß??µata
• -pa?a?????? s?st?µata (f??e?? pe??ßa????t????
  ???d????)
• -ap?d??te? t?? a?ep???µ?t?? ep?d??se?? t??
  pa?a??????? s?st?µ?t??
• ???s?da pa?a????? d?a??µ?? supply chain
• ?peµß?se?? t??p?p???se?? p?????? ??e????
  pe??ßa????t???? ??pa?s??
• ?e??ßa????t??? a??s?da environmental chain
• ???se?? st? ????s?st?µa ep?t??? a?t?µet?p?s? t??
  ???d???? ? t?? ep?pt?se?? t?? ??pa?s??
• ???e d?ast????t?ta µ?sa st?? a??s?da
  pa?a?????-d?a??µ?? e?d??eta? ?a ??e? a?ep???µ?te?
  ep?d??se?? st? pe??ßa????t??? a??s?da ?a?
  a?t?st??fa-d?a??? ??????? ?e?t?????a.

4
?fa?µ???? t?? ?p??e???s?a??? ??e??a?

• ?fa?µ???? t?? ??
• S?ed?asµ?? p?????t?? - ???e p????? p??
  pa???eta?, µetaf??eta?, ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ?a?
  te???? ap????pteta? ? epa?a???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??e?
  µ?a ß?ßa?? ep?d?as? st? pe??ß?????.
• ????d?? ?a? te?????? ap?t?µ?s?? t??
  pe??ßa????t???? ep?d??se?? t?? p?????t?? ap? t?
  ?????s? µ???? t? taf? -ta ap?te??sµata ap?te????
  t? ß?s? ??a t?? ?????????? s?ed?asµ?. ??a t?t??a
  µ???d?? e??a? ? ?????s? ?????? ????. ??d???te?a
  ?s? af??? t?? a??s?da pa?a?????-d?a??µ?? µe t??
  efa?µ??? t?? ?? t? pe??ßa????t??? ?fe???
  p????pte? ap? t?? ße?t??µ??e? ap?f?se??,
  p????pt???? ?a?a?t??a, s?et??? µe t? p?????
  (e?d??, ?????, s???es? ??p), t?? te???????a p??
  efa?µ??eta? (µ???d?? pa?a?????, µetaf???,
  e??p??sµ?, e?d?? ?a? p?s?t?ta e????e?a? ?a?
  p??t?? ???? ??p), t? ??????t?s? t??
  d?ast????t?t??, t? d??ta?? t?? a??s?da? pa?a?????
  ? ???e? s?ed?ast???? pa?aµ?t????.
• ??t?µ?s? ?a? d?a?e???s? ???d????
• Location analysis
• ??t?st??f? ef?d?ast??? ?t?

• ?e??ßa????t??? a??s?da ?fe???-p??????, ße?t??s?
  d?a?e???s??
• d?e?e???s? ???d???? p?? af????? t??? f?s?????
  ap?d??te? ?t?

5
?ef??a?? 2 ??????????? s?ed?asµ?? p?????t??

• ??????????? s?ed?asµ?? p?????t?? ?a? ?p??es???
  ep?d???? ß??s?µ?? a??pt????.
• ?? ep?pt?se?? pa???s?????ta? t?s? se t?p??? ?s?
  ?a? se pe??fe?e?a?? ?a? p?a??t??? ep?ped?
  d?s???a a?ast????µe?. ?????? ???? µ?t??? ?at?
  t?? pa?a???? p??t?? ???? ?a? ß??µ??a?????
  p?????t?? ?a? ?at? t? te???? d???es? t??
  ap????µµ?t?? ??e???? ??pa?s?? af?? e??e
  s??te?este? ?e? a??e?
• ?p? ??e??? p?????? ?a? ap? t?? pa?a???????
  d?ad??as?e? st? ?d?? t? p?????.

6
?????????? ???t???a

• ??a?????s?
• ??a???s? p?????t?? ?a? e?????a ep?s?e???
• ??s??t??? ?a? µa???ß??t?ta
• ??e? ?????e? ???s?? (????? ???s?)
• ?p?f??? e?p?µp?? ?a? ??pa?t??
• ????????µ?s? e????e?a? ?a? p??t?? ????
• ????????? ??? ?? a?t?-??????s?
• ???t???? ep?s?? ??a t?? ep????? ?????? ?atas?e???
  ?a? s?ed?asµ??. S??d?asµ?? ???? t?? ???????????
  ???t????? µe ta ?e?t??????? ???t???a (???s?
  p?????t??), e?????µ??? ???t???a (asfa?? ?a?
  e??e?? ???s?) a?s??t??? ?t?.

7
?????????? s?µa?s?

• ??????????? s?ed?asµ?? p?????t?? ?a? ?p??es???
  ???p??e? t?? ?d?a t?? p??????? (a?t? e??????) t??
  ??pa?s?? ?a? ap?s??pe? ?e???? st? p??stas?a t??
  pe??ß?????t?? ap? p?????ta ?a? ?p??es?e? p?? t?
  ß??pt??? e?a?t?a? t?? ?????? ? t?? µe??d??
  pa?a????? t??.
• ? ?????????? s?µa?s? st??? ??e? t?? ?a??d???s?
  t?? ?ata?a??t?? st?? ep????? p?????t?? ?a?
  ?p??es??? p?? p???a???? µ????te?? ß??ß? st?
  pe??ß????? ?a?a?t????eta? ap? ??p??? s?µa (logo)
• ?????t??? ?????????? s?µa
• ?????? ?????????? s?µata
• ?a?????s? d?e????, ?a?????? ap?de?t?? s?st?µ?t??
  ??????????? s?µa?s?? p?? ?a a?t??atast?s??? ta
  e????? ??a ?a a?t?µet?p?st??? ?? as?µßat?t?te?
  d?e???p???s? t?? eµp?????.

8
?efa?a?? 3 ?????s? ?????? ????

• ?e??t? ap?t?µ?s?? t?? ep?pt?se?? p?? ??e? st?
  pe??ß????? ??a p????? se ???????? t? ????? ????
  t??, d??ad? ap? t? f?s? t?? pa?a????? µ????? ?t??
  ep?st???e? ????st? st? pe??ß?????.
• ?at? t? pa?a???? ?a? t? ???s? ???e p?????t??
  µ???? a?t? ?a ?ataste? ????st? ?a? ?a ep?st???e?
  st? f?s??? pe??ß?????, p???a????ta? d??f??e?
  a?ep???µ?te? ep?d??se?? sta pe??ßa????t???
  s?st?µata (?daf??, ?e??, a??a?).
• ? t?p?? t?? p?????t?? ?a? ? te???????a p??
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? st?? s?et???? d?ad??as?e?
  ?a???????? t?? ??? ?a? t?? e????e?a p??
  ?ata?a???eta? ??a t? p????? p???e?µ???? ?a
  pa?a??e?, µetafe??e? ?ata?a???e? ?a??? ?a? ta
  ap?ß??ta p?? ?ata?a?????ta? st? pe??ß????? ?a?
  s??ep?? ? µe??s? t?? apa?t??µe??? ???? ?a?
  e????e?a? ?a? ? ap?t??p? ? e??tt?s? t?? pa?a?????
  ap?ß??t?? e?a?t??ta? ap? t? t?p? t?? p?????t??
  ?a? ap? t? t??p? pa?a????? t??.

9

• ?a???te?a-p?????? µ?s? t?? s?ed?asµ?? ?a? t??
  ???s?? ?at??????? te?????????? s?st?µ?t??
• ????? p?????? t?? s??epe??? µ?s? t?? p?????t??
• ?????e? ?e?t??????? µ???da, ???a
• ?a??µet??? d?ad??as?e?, p???t?ta ded?µ????,
  te???????a p????f?????
• S?µf??a µe t? SETAC (1993), t? p?a?s?? ??a µ?a
• p???? µe??t? ?????s?? ?????? ???? pe???aµß??e?
• St?d?? 1 p??sd????sµ?? t?? st???? ?a? t?? ??tas??
• St?d?? 2 a?a??t??? ap???af?
• St?d?? 3 e?t?µ?s? ep?pt?se??
• St?d?? 4 e?t?µ?s? ße?t??se??

10
?ef??a?? 4-??t?st??f? ?f?d?ast??? (??)

• ?a p??ß??µata t?? pa?a????? ?a? t?? d?a??µ?? t??
  p?????t?? - af????? t?? ep????? t?? p?????t?? (t?
  ?a pa?a??e?), t?? µe??d?? pa?a????? (p?? ?a
  pa?a??e?) ?a? t?? p?????µµat?? pa?a????? (p?te,
  p?? ?a? p?s? ?a pa?a??e?) ??a t? ?????? t??
  ??t?s??. ?a ???t???a ?at? t? ???? t?? s?et????
  ap?f?se?? e??a? ? e?a??st?p???s? t?? ??st???, ?
  ??a??p???s? t?? pe?at?? ?a? ? µe??st?p???s? t??
  ???d??? t?? ep??e???s?? µ?sa se s?????e?
  a?ta????sµ??.
• ? a?t?st??f? ef?d?ast??? af??? t? s?ed?asµ?, t??
  p????aµµat?sµ? ?a? t?? ??e??? t?? a??s?da? p??
  a??????e? ??a p?????, ??? ap? t?? ?atas?e?ast?
  p??? t?? ?ata?a??t?, a??? a?t?st??fa ap? t??
  ?ata?a??t? (µet? t? ???s? t?? p?????t??) p??? t??
  ?atas?e?ast? ? ?e????te?a p??? ??p??a µ???da
  a???t?s?? ???s?µ?? ?????? ?a? e?a?t?µ?t??.

11
?a?a?t???st??? t?? ??

• ??t?st??f? ef?d?ast??? a??s?da a??s?da
  d?ad??as??? p?? d?µ?????e?ta? µe s??p? t??
  ep?st??f? ?a? t?? a???p???s? p?????t?? ?a?
  s?s?e?as??? µet? t? ???s? t???, ?ste ?a
  ap?fe???e? ? ap??e?a ???s?µ?? ?????? ?a? ?
  pe??ßa????t??? ??pa?s? ap? t?? ap?????? t??? se
  ??µate???.
• ???s??a p?????ta f????? p??? t? pe??ß?????
  p?????ta p?? s??ep????ta? ????te?a ap????µµata
  ?a? µ? a?a?????s?µa e?a?t?µata
• ?? pe??pt?se?? epa?a???s?µ?p???s?? p?????t?? ?a?
  ?????? µp?????
• ?a d?af????? s?µa?t??? µeta?? t???. ?a????µ?s?
  s?µf??a µe ta
• d??f??a ???t???a e??a? ? e???
• ????t?? epa?a???s?µ?p???s??
• ??p?? a?a?t?µe??? ??????
• ???f?? epa?a???s?µ?p???s??
• ?µp?e??µe??? pa?????te?

12
?e?t?????e? - S?µpe??sµata

• ?e?t?????e? t?? a?t?st??f?? ef?d?ast????
• ??t?st??f? d?a??µ?
• ??e???? ap??eµ?t??
• ?????aµµat?sµ?? pa?a?????
• ? a?t?st??f? ef?d?ast??? µp??e? ?a ?e????e?
  f?s??? ep??tas? ?a?
• s?µp????s? t?? ?????s?? ?????? ????, af??
  s??te?e? ?a? a?t?
• st?? s?ed?asµ?, t?? pa?a???? ?a? t? d?a????s? t??
  p?????t?? µe
• t??p? f????? p??? t? pe??ß?????. ? d?af??? t??
  ap? t?? ?????s?
• ?????? ???? e??a? ?t? a?t? ep??e?t???eta? st??
  ?e?t?????e? p??
• st??e???? st?? epa?a???s?µ?p???s?, e?? ? ?????s?
  ?????? ????
• ?????? st? ???s? t?? p?????t??, a? ?a? ?
  te?e?ta?a ap?te?e? ??a
• ???s?µ?, a? ??? apa?a?t?t? e??a?e?? ?a? ??a t??
  ??t?st??f?
• ?f?d?ast???.
• ?????s? ?????? ???? e?et??eta? ? pe??ßa????t???
  ta?t?t?ta t?? p?????t?? p??? ta eµp??? ap? t?
  ?????s? µ???? t? ???at? t?? p?????t??
• ? ??t?st??f? ?f?d?ast??? e?et??e? p??? ta p?s?
  ap? t? st??µ? t?? ?a??t?? t?? p?????t?? µ???? t??
  epa?a???s?µ?p???s? t??.

13
?ef??a?? 5 S?st?µata ?e??ßa????t???? ??a?e???s??

• ???se?? ??a t?? e?a?s??t?p???s? t?? ep??e???se??
  se ?????????? ??µata - ????? ?esp?ste? s?st?µata
  pe??ßa????t???? d?????s?? µe ta ?p??a ??
  ep??e???se?? a?aßa?µ????? t?? p???t???, t??
  ??????s? ?a? t???e?t?????a t???, e?t?ss??ta? se
  a?t?? ???t???a ?a? d?ad??as?e? s?µßat?? µe t??
  a???? t?? ß??s?µ?? a??pt????. ???S, ISO 14000,
  BS 7750
• O ????? t?? ep??e???s?? st?? ep?te???
  ?a?a??te??? pa?a????? e??a? p??te???. St???? t??
  pe??ßa????t???? p???t???? ?a p??pe? ?a e??a? ?
  ße?t??s? t?? pe??ßa????t???? p?a?t???? t??
  ep??e???s??. ? se??? ISO 14000 ap?te?e? d?e????
  s?st?µa p??t?p?? pe??ßa????t???? d?a?e???s?? p??
  µp????? ?a efa?µ?st??? se ep??e???se?? ?a?
  ???a??sµ???. ?e ta p??t?pa a?t? ? ep??e???s?
  µp??e? ?a ???a???e? t?? ep??e???s?a???
  d?ad??as?e? ?ts? ?ste ?a e?asfa???e? t??
  p??stas?a t?? pe??ß?????t?? ?a? t?? asf??e?a t??
  e??a??µ????, e?? pa??????a s?µµ??f??eta? µe t??
  pe??ßa????t??? ??µ??es?a ?a? desµe?eta? ??a
  s??e?? ße?t??s? t?? pe??ßa????t???? t?? ep?d?se??.

14
EMAS- European Eco Management Audit Scheme

• O EMAS af??? t?? e?e???t??? s?µµet??? t??
  ep??e???se?? t?? ß??µ??a????? t?µ?a se ??a
  ?????t??? s?st?µa ??????????? d?a?e???s?? ?a?
  e??????.
• ????t?? ??a t?? ep??e???se??, p???e?µ???? ?a
  e?sa?????? t?? pe??ßa????t??? d??stas? st?
  s?st?µa d?????s?? t??? ? ?a ße?t??s??? t??
  pe??ßa????t??? t??? p?a?t??? se µ???µ? ß?s?.
  ?f??? t? ???? t?? pa?a??????? d?ad??as?a? ?a? ???
  ??? t?? ep??e???s?.
• ?a ?f??? ap? ??a t?t??? s?st?µa (EMAS ? ISO)
  e??a? ? s?µa?t??? s?µß??? st?? p??stas?a t??
  pe??ß?????t??, p?????s? ?a??te??? e????a? t??
  ep??e???s??, p??ß?e?? µe????t???? d?????t????
  e?e??e???, asf??e?a ?a? p??stas?a e??a??µ????,
  µe??s? ??st??? pa?a?????, µe??s? t?? a????s??
  p??t?? ???? ?a? ap?ß??t?? ??p

15
?ef??a?? 6- ?e??ßa????t??? ???ß??µata ????d??
?p???s??

• ??pa?s? s????e? epa??????? t?? a????p????
  d?ast????t?ta? a???a, ????, ste?e? f?s?. ????a
  ? atµ?sfa????? e?p?µp?? ae???? ?t? (SO2, CO,
  NOx).
• ??????? ?a??te?? ap? t?? ?e?ape?a -d?s????-
  pe??ßa????t??? ?a? e?e??e?a??/ß??µ??a????
  p???t??? ????? s?µe?a s?????s?? ?a? s??????s??
• ???s?µ? ? ae?f???? a??pt???

16
?p?ß??ta - ??a?e???s?

• ???? ap?ß??ta - ast??? ? ß??µ??a????
• ?st??? e??se?? µe ß?s? t?? ????a?a ????a??
  ??µata d???ete???ta? se ?p??e???? a??????
  ß???????? ?a?a??sµ?, ß??µ??a???? ap?ß??ta st?
  ?d?? s?st?µa.
• ??s? t? ?d??t?????????µ??? ??st?? ?s? t?
  ???????????????µ??? ??st?? µp????? ?a µe??????
  ??ta?? t?? e??at?stas?? epe?e??as?a? ap?ß??t??.

17

• Ste?e? ap????µµata
• ast????/a???t????/ß??µ??. p????e?s??/e????? t??
  pa?a????? se ???? ? ap?t?f??s?, p?????s?
  ae???p???s?, ??pasµat?p???s? ??t?st??f?
  ef?d?ast??? - ??????a st? ?a????sµ? ??st???
• ???? ap?ß??ta p?? d?s???? ??st???????ta? st?
  p??? pa?a????? ???t??a a????t? ?a? ??e?st?
• ? e?a??st?p???s? t?? pe?. ??st??? ???t????
  p??sd????sµ?? t?? ß??t?st?? t?µ?? t??
  s?????t??s?? C e??? ??pa?t?. ?ta? t? ?? ?a? ??
  e??a? conflict variables t? ?? ?????sµa t??
  µetaß??t?? eµfa???e? es?t. e????st? t?µ? C

18
????d?? ße?t?st?p???s?? µe p???? ???t???a

• ?e??ßa????t??? p??ß??µata d?ep?st?µ????? ??µata
• ?????? ???t???? ?µes? ? ?d??t?????????µ??? ??st??
  
• Stad?a?? ???t???? ?µµes??, d?µ?s????????µ???? ?
  ?????????? ??st???, ???t???? ???µ? t?? p???t??,
  a???p?st?a, s??t???s?µ?t?ta, ep????d???t?ta
• S?µe?a ???? ap?f?se?? ??a t? pe??ß?????? e??a?
  p??????t???a??. ????a??a ta ??????µ??? ???t???a.
  ???t???a a?????s???????µe?a/a?????s?µp?????µe?a
  µe??s? t?? ßa?µ?????a? µ?a? e?a??a?t???? ?? p???
  ??a ???t????- a???s? t?? ßa?µ?????a? ?? p??? ???a
  ???t???a.