4 calories gram

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Carbohydrates

• 4 calories/ gram
• Contain C,H and O
• Ratio HO 21

2
The structure and classification of some
monosaccharides
Note Ratio HO
Aldose and Ketose sugars
3
Starch and cellulose structures 
Linear and ring forms of glucose
aldehyde
Glucose isomers
4
Linear and ring forms of glucose
Is this the alpha or beta isomer of glucose?
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The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
Water is removed
Dehydration synthesis
Water is added
Hydrolysis
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Common disaccharides Sucrose ( table sugar
) glucose fructose Lactose (
milk sugar ) glucose
galactose Maltose
glucose glucose Lactose intolerance
the lactase enzyme is in low amount in
stomach symptoms bloated, gas, nausea
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Dehydration synthesis
Note numbering of carbons
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hydrolysis
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Where do we get table sugar from?
Plants internally transport their sugar as
sucrose ( disaccharide )
Sugar beets
Sugar cane
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Starch and cellulose - 2 plant polysaccharides 
Glycosidic linkage
Beta linkages not digestible by mammals
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Plant polysaccharides

• Plants store their glucose as starch and move it
  as sucrose.
• Plants grow ( enlarge ) with cellulose .
• Cell walls are made of cellulose
• Cellulose most abundant organic compound on
• Earth!!!!!
• Dietary fiber cellulose
• which is not digestible
• by most mammals

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The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls
Nondigestible glycosidic linkage
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Cellulose digestion termite and Trichonympha
Can you name this relationship?
I need you
14
Cellulose digestion cow .How does it happen?
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Type of symbiosis?

• Herbivores contain protozoans and bacteria that
• make all 20 amino acids from urea
• ( a nitrogen waste )
• digest cellulose into monsaccharides with
• cellulase enzyme
• make B vitamins for the herbivore
• mutualism

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Chitin, a structural polysaccharide which makes
up Arthropod exoskeletons is used for surgical
thread is biodegradable
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CHITIN special polysaccharide with acetyl
amine groups
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Figure 5.1 Building models to study the
structure and function of macromolecules
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Starch, a storage polysaccharide in plants
helical
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Very branched
Gylcogen - a storage polysaccharide In animal
liver and muscle
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GLYCOGEN

• is an animal polysaccharide
• a branched chain
• made in the liver and muscle cells by dehydration
  synthesis, from dietary sugar
• Liver glycogen stores up to 24 hrs. worth of
• extra sugar