Typical Animal Characteristics

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Chapter 26

• Typical Animal Characteristics
• Body Plans and Adaptations

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Chapter 26.1 Concept Map pg. 657-663
Development of Animals
Fertilization
Zygote
Know diagram and be able to label page 661.
Cleavage
Embryo
protostome
Blastula
deuterostome
Ectoderm
anus
Gastrula
Mesoderm
Endoderm
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Chapter 26.1 Concept Map pg. 657-663
Symmetry
example p.683
Asymmetry
Acoelomate
example p. 749
Radial
Pseudocoelom
Body Cavity
Bilateral
Coelom
example p. 683
Cephalization
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Chapter 26.1 Concept Map
Animal Protection and Support
Exoskeletonp. 715
endoskeleton p. 757
Invertebrate, p. 657
vertebrate p. 768
Chitin, p.715
Appendages, p. 715
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Typical Animal Characteristics

• Eukaryotic They have cells full of organelles!
• A true nucleus as well as many others
• Multicellular Although they start out as a
  unicellular fertilized egg, they soon become
  multicellular for good.
• Specialized cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ systems

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Typical Animal Characteristics

• Obtaining food- Animals have different ways of
  doing it
• Can be sessile also

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Development of Animals

• Fertilization male sperm and female egg come
  together to form a zygote.
• Cleavage cell splits again and again to become a
  clump of cells
• At this point the organism is considered an
  embryo.
• Blastula the hollow ball of cells formed from
  multiple divisions.

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Development of Animals

• Blastopore single opening in the blastula that
  leads into a central tube, which becomes the
  digestive tract.
• Protostome mouth is formed from the blastopore
• Most invertebrates
• Deuterostome anus is formed from the blastopore
  and the development of the mouth is secondary
• Echinoderms and all vertebrates

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Typical Animal Characteristics

• Formation of Gastrula a structure usually made
  up of two layers of cells with an opening at just
  one end.
• Compare to a cup.

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Parts of a Gastrula

• Ectoderm The layer of cells on the outer surface
  of the gastrula that become the skin and nervous
  tissue
• Endoderm The layer of cells on the inner surface
  of the gastrula that become the lining of the
  digestive tract and organs related to digestion
• Mesoderm In some animals, the area found between
  the endoderm and the ectoderm the become the
  muscles, circulatory, and excretory system

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Development of Animals

• Must know stages on p. 661!!

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Development of Animals

• Often, there is a larval stage after the
  gastrular stage. Often the larva does not have
  the characteristics of the eventual adult.
• Maggot, sea urchin, mosquito.

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Body Plans and Adaptations

• All animals have some kind of symmetry and you
  need to know what kind!
• Asymmetry Irregularly shaped body.
• Often sessile
• Ex. Sponges
• Over 700 million years old
• See page 664

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Body Plans and Adaptations

• Radial Symmetry Can be divided through any plane
  through a central axis into roughly equal halves.
• Ex. Wheel, starfish, hydra.
• See page 662

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Body Plans and Adaptations

• Bilateral Symmetry This organism can be divided
  down its length- on only one specific plane- into
  left and right halves that are mirror images of
  one another.
• See page 662

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Bilateral Symmetry
Dorsal
Anterior
Posterior
Ventral
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Bilateral Symmetry

• All animals developed from 3 layers endo- ecto-
  and mesoderm.
• Many have body cavities.
• Acoelomate No body cavities.
• Organs embedded in solid tissue
• Food, waste, oxygen diffuse through body.
• Digestive tract fills body.
• Ex. Flatworm, planarian.
• See page 683

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Bilateral Symmetry

• Pseudocoelomates Body cavity found between the
  endoderm and mesoderm.
• Helps in muscle attachment
• Thicker bodied than acoelomates
• Ex. Roundworms see page 689
• Coelomates Has a body cavity completely
  surrounded by mesoderm.
• Makes room for internal organs
• Ex. Us, Blue Crab, many others.
• See page 694

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Body Plans
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Body Cavity
See page 749 IMPORTANT
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Body Plans and Adaptations

• Types of Support
• Exoskeleton Provides support outside an animals
  body.
• Is usually a hard waxy coating, called chitin
  used in protection as well as muscle attachment.
• Protects soft body tissues, against water loss,
  etc.
• Usually invertebrates.
• Have jointed appendages (legs antennae)
• Endoskeleton provides support inside an animals
  body.
• Also for muscle attachment, protection, and
  support.
• Calcium carbonate, cartilage, or bone.
• Usually vertebrates.

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Important Study Tips

• Development from egg and sperm
• Zygote/blastula/gastrula/embryo/larva/etc.
• Sessile
• Endo-/Ecto-/Mesoderm
• p.698
• Symmetry
• Asymmetry/radial/bilateral
• Dorsal/ventral/Anterior/Posterior
• Acoelomate/Pseudocoelomate/Coelomate
• Endo-/Exoskeleton

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Endoskeleton vs. Exoskeleton Double Bubble Map
Support outside body
Support inside body
Types of skeletons
Chitin Hard and waxy
Muscle attachment
Examples
Endo
Exo
Bilateral symmetry
Invertebrates
Protection
You
Protects soft body tissues
Vertebrates
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Asymmetry Circle Map
Irregularly shaped body
Asymmetry
Sponges
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Bilateral Symmetry Circle Map
Divided into left and right halves
Bilateral symmetry
You
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Radial Symmetry Circle Map
Divided through any plane relative to a central
axis
Radial symmetry
WheelSeastarHydra
http//www.nordpasdecalais.fr/photos_plongee/maran
/img/grandes/Asterias_rubens_2.jpg
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Main Parts of a Gastrula Circle Map
What they become
Lining of the animals digestive tract and organs
associated with digestion
Skin and nervous tissue
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Main Parts of a Gastrula
Muscles, circulatory, and excretory system
Mesoderm
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Body Cavities Tree Map
Body Cavities
Coelomate Body cavity completely surrounded by
mesodermCrabsEarthworms
Acoelomate No body cavityAll three
layersPlanariaFlatworm
Pseudocoelomate Fluid filled body cavity
partially lined with mesoderm Roundworms
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Animal Development
First cell divides to make two cells embryo
Cleavage continues
Egg Sperm Zygote
Cells break away from endoderm and form mesoderm
Fluid filled ball makes a blastula
Blastula folds inward to form a gastrula
Slack 2006