Title: Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint
1DC bunky a Toll-like receptory propojujà systém
prirozené a specifické imunity
Radek pÃek, Ústav imunologie, UK, 2. LF
2- Dendritické bunky
- Toll-like receptory
- Toll-like receptory v klinické imunologii
- DC v imunoterapii
3Role imunitnÃho systému
- detekce prÃtomnosti infekcnÃho agens
- eliminace patogenu bez naruenà vlastnÃch tkánÃ
- Nástroje systémy prirozené a specifické imunity
4Specifická imunita
- náhodný a vysoce diverzifikovaný repertoár
antigennÃch receptoru (TCR, BCR) - klonálnà selekce a expanze bunek, které
exprimujà receptor specifický pro urcitý antigen
ALE!!
- klonálnà expanze trvá dlouho
- primárnà imunitnà odpoved se vyvÃjà 4-7 dnu
- primárnà imunitnà odpoved nemue být zahájena
bez signálu, - který je poskytnut systémem prirozené imunity
5Cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity
6Funkcnà vlastnosti in vitro GC oetrených DC
Indukce proliferace lymfocytu ve smesné
lymocytárnà reakci
DC
kontrola
DC
Dex pri diferenciaci
Dex pri maturaci
Pomer 110, 5 dnÃ
7ELISPOT
Detekce jednotlivých T lymfocytu sekretujÃcÃch
urcitý cytokin
8ELISPOT
Detekce jednotlivých T lymfocytu sekretujÃcÃch
urcitý cytokin
9Charakterizace aktivovaných CD8 T lymfocytu
10Cyklus DC
R. Steinman, 1999
11PrÃprava DC
12Fenotyp DC
CD14
CD40
CD36
HLA-DR
HLA-ABC
CCR7
CD80
CD83
CD86
13Phenotype of DC treated 48 hours
Immature DC
Mature DC
CD14
CD40
CD36
CD14
CD36
CD40
Poly (IC)
HLA-DR
HLA-ABC
CCR7
HLA-DR
HLA-ABC
CCR7
CD80
CD83
CD86
CD86
CD80
CD83
14Chemotaxe v odpovedi na MIP3 beta
- Zralé DC exprimujà CCR7, který je ligandem pro
MIP3 beta a umonuje - migraci zrajÃcÃch DC do lymfatických uzlin
- Ve hornà jamce insertu je konstantnà mnostvÃ
DC, ve spodnà jamce - testovaný chemokin (zde MIP 3beta).
15Role of the immune system
Immature DC
Poly (IC)
LPS
CD80
CD86
CD83
CD40
HLA-DR
HLA-ABC
CD11c
16Aktivace DC bakteriálnÃmi imunomodulátory
CD80
Spisek, Vaccine, 2004
17Role HSP v indukci CTL
18Látky schopné aktivovat DC
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-
LPS, peptidoglykan, lipoteiochová kyselina,
flagelin, dsRNA, bakteriálnà DNA - Prozánetlivé cytokiny- TNF, IL-1b, IL-6, IFN
gamma - Fc fragmenty protilátek
- Signály exprimované aktivovanými T bunkami- IFN
gama, CD40L, TRANCE - Produkty uvolnené z nekrotických bunek- HSP
19Interakce T lymfocytu a DC v lymfatických orgánech
20Interakce mezi DC a T lymfocyty
21Kinetics of phenotypic DC maturation during 48 h
continuous treatment by TNFaPoly(IC).
CD80
CD83
CD86
DC-LAMP
CD40
CD36
MFI
HLA-DR
HLA-ABC
CCR7
hours
22Kinetics of cytokine production during 48 h
continuous treatment by TNFaPoly(IC).
23Kinetics of production of IL-10 and p70 IL-12
during DC maturation for 48 h
IL-10
IL-12 p70
mRNA IL-12 p70
Concentrations of cytokines present in the
culture supernatants were determined at different
timepoints by ELISA. Analysis of p35 and p40
IL-12 mRNA expression by RT-PCR
2448 h phenotype of DC initially stimulated for
indicated periods of time
CD83
CD86
CD80
DC-LAMP
CD40
HLA-ABC
HLA-DR
Phenotypic DC maturation by TNFaPoly(IC) is an
irreversible phenomenon proceeding independently
of further presence of maturating stimuli
25Effect of the restimulation by CD40LIFNg on the
phenotypic properties of DC initially matured by
TNFaPoly (IC) for different periods of time
Phenotype at 48 h after TNFaPoly (IC)
stimulation
Phenotype 24 h after restimulation with
CD40LIFNg
time of initial TNFaPoly (IC) treatment
DC exposed to TNFaPoly (IC) for 2 h to 8 h
preserved their capacity to further upregulate
the expression of their costimulatory and
maturation-associated markers upon restimulation
by T-cell derived stimuli
26Amounts of IL-12 p70 in 48 h culture supernatants
CD40LIFNg restimulation
TNFaPoly (IC) stimulation
pg/ml
pg/ml
time of initial TNFaPoly (IC) treatment
27Th1/Th2 polarizace
Lymfocyty stimulované zralými DC
Nestimulované lymfocyty
TNFaPoly (IC)
IL-4
IFN gamma
28T-cell stimulatory capacities of Poly (IC)
stimulated DC
cpm
Immature KLH-pulsed DC were exposed to TNFaPoly
(IC) for indicated periods of time, TNFaPoly
(IC) was then removed, and all DC preparations
were used as stimulators of autologous
lymphocytes 48 h after the initial activation.
29Vliv aktivacnÃho stavu DC na aktivaci T lymfocytu
DC aktivované 8 hod
DC aktivované 48 hod
30Summary-1
- Transient stimulation of DC by an activation
signal starts an irreversible program of
phenotypic maturation - Transiently stimulated (lt 8 h) DC secrete lower
amounts of bioactive IL-12 during the 48 h period
of first stimulation than cells activated
continuously for 48 h - DC stimulated for a shorter periods of time
preserve higher sensitivity to boosting upon
subsequent stimulation by T-cell derived signals
at the level of phenotype and IL-12 secretion - DC initially stimulated for shorter periods of
time are more potent stimulators of T lymphocytes
31Mature vs Immature DC in vitro
CD4 T lymphocytes PHA
CD4 T lymphocytes iDC
CD4 T lymphocytes mDC
CFSE
Rozkova, 2004
32Mature DC-T cell responses
Allogeneic MLR
- Ability to stimulate allogeneic T cells
corresponds with expression of CD83 molecule - Combination of proiflammatory cytokines and
TNF?Poly IC most efficient in all DCT ratios
TNFaIL-1bIL-6PGE2
60000
TNFaPoly ICsCD40L
50000
TNFaIL-1bIL-6PGE2sCD40L
40000
TNFaPoly IC
Poly IC
30000
TNF a
20000
sCD40L
PGE2
10000
immature DC
0
Proliferation of KLH-specific T cells
110
120
140
lymphocytes
- DC were pulsed with KLH (25 ?g/ml) and matured
by TNF?Poly IC - Proliferation of KLH-specific autologous T cells
was measured after 7 days - Only KLH-pulsed mature DC elicited KLH-specific
proliferation
DC immature
DC imm.KLH
cpm
DC TNFPoly IC
DC TNFPoly ICKLH
lymphos
lymphosKLH
110
120
33Nezralé DC in vivo
- SnÃenà frekvence antigen specifických T
lymfocytu po podánà nezralých DC
34Zralé DC in vivo
- Indukce Ag- specifických T lymfocytu po injekci
zralých DC
35Ovlivnenà autoimunÃho onemocnenà iDC
- Zabránenà vzniku EAA injekcà nezralých DC
pulzovaných MBP
36Fenotyp DC in vitro ovlivnených GC
Exprese CD80
100
80
60
pozitivnÃch bunek
40
20
0
Exprese CD83
DC
dex 10-6
dex 10-6
pred 10-6
pred 10-6
metylpred 10-6
metylpred 10-6
100
80
60
pozitivnÃch bunek
40
20
0
DC
dex 10-6
dex 10-6
pred 10-6
pred 10-6
metylpred 10-6
metylpred 10-6
Exprese CD86
800
600
fluorescence
400
200
0
DC
dex 10-6
dex 10-6
pred 10-6
pred 10-6
metylpred 10-6
metylpred 10-6
37Látky schopné aktivovat DC
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-
LPS, peptidoglykan, lipoteiochová kyselina,
flagelin, dsRNA, bakteriálnà DNA - Prozánetlivé cytokiny- TNF, IL-1b, IL-6, IFN
gamma - Fc fragmenty protilátek
- Signály exprimované aktivovanými T bunkami- IFN
gama, CD40L, TRANCE - Produkty uvolnené z nekrotických bunek- HSP
38Vliv stadia DC na vznik imunitnà reakce
39Systém prirozené imunity
- detekce konstitutivnÃch a konzervovaných
produktu mikrobiálnÃho metabolismu - Charakteristiky
- produkovány pouze mikroby
- nemenné mezi mikroby urcité skupiny
- nezbytné pro preità mikroba
40Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
41Systém prirozené imunity
- PAMP jsou rozeznány pomocà Pattern Recognition
Receptors (PRRs)
Sekretované PRRs MBL, LBP, proteiny akutnà fáze
Povrchové PRRs CD14, TLRs, Manosový receptor
Intracelulárnà PRRs PKR, NODs, TLRs
Funkce Opsonizace, aktivace komplementu,
fagocytoza, aktivace prozánetlivých
signalizacnÃch kaskád
42Toll-like receptors
- family of type I transmembrane receptors
- extracellular leucine-rich domain
- intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain
43(No Transcript)
44Toll-like receptory
- Transmembránové receptory I. typu
- extracelulárnà doména bohatá na leucin
- intracelulárnà Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) doména
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46Podtypy DC a exprese TLR
47NF?B signalizace
- TLR
- NOD receptory
- IL-1, 15, 17 a TNF receptor
- TCR, BCR
- ectodysplazin
- RANK
48Interakce T lymfocytu a DC
49Deficit IRAK-4
Picard, Science, 2003
50Deficit IRAK-4
- ivot ohroujÃcà infekce v detstvà (S.
pneumoniae, S.aureus) - klinické projevy se zlepujàs vekem
- nÃzká odpoved bunek perifernà krve na stimulaci
IL-1 a ligandy TLR
51Mutace NEMO
- X-vázaná anhidrotická ektodermálnà dysplazie s
imunodeficitem- X-EDA-ID - hypo-, adoncie, absence potnÃch láz, absence
vlasu, obocÃ, opakované teké bakteriálnà infekce
(G, G-, mykobakteria) - EDA- následek defektnà aktivace NF?B po
stimulaci ectodysplazinem
52Mutace I?B?
- opakované, ivot ohroujÃcà infekce,
neprospÃvánÃ- BMT v 8 mesÃcÃch veku - Kompletnà blok signalizace pres NF?B
- Pouze naivnà T lymfocyty, ádné postvakcinacnÃ
protilátky
53ShrnutÃ-2
- Specifická odpoved je sputena signálem systému
prirozené imunity - Patogeny jsou rozpoznávány interakcemi PAMP-PRR
- TLR dodávajà nezralým DC aktivacnà signál
- Nezralé a zralé DC majà zcela odliné schopnosti
stimulovat T lymfocyty - Pouze zralé DC aktivujà naivnà T lymfocyty
- detailnà poznánà signalizacnà drah vede k
identifikaci - nových primárnÃch imunodeficitu
54TLR-9 a pametové B lymfocyty
- Exprese TLR-9 se zvyuje po aktivaci naivnÃch B
lymfocytu - Stimulace TLR-9 CpG pri infekcÃch udruje pool
pametových B l.
55(No Transcript)
56(No Transcript)
57Zdroje nádorových antigenu
R. Steinman, 1999
58Schéma protokolu
Leukaferéza
Gregoire, Vaccine, 2003
59Provedené klinické studie
- MetastazujÃcà melanom nádorové antigeny 3
peptidy (HLA-A2) nebo 2 peptidy (HLA-A1) nebo
autolognà lyzát, DC nezralé, i.n. 16/16 proti KLH
11/16 proti peptidum, 2 CR, 3 PR, 1 MR, 10 PD
(Nestle et al., 1998) - MetastazujÃcà melanom nádorové antigeny 1
peptid Mage-3 (HLA-A1), DC zralé, pomocà MCM /-
TNF s.c. i.d., poté i.v., 11/11 proti TT nebo
tuberkulinu 8/11 proti peptidu 6 PR / MR 5 PD
(Thurner et al., 1999) - MetastazujÃcà karcinom ledvin Fúze DC a
autolognÃch nádorových bunek, DC zralé pomocà TNF
s.c. i.n.  - 11/17 proti autolognÃmu lyzátu 4 CR, 2 PR, 1 MR,
2 S, 4 PD, 4 D (Kugler et al., 2000)
60DC v imunoterapii nádoru na 2.LF UK
- Detská akutnà lymfoblastická leukémie
- Karcinom ovária
- Karcinom prostaty
- charakteristika DC pripravených po chemoterapii
- prÃprava nádorových antigenu
- optimalizace stimulace T lymfocytu
- prÃprava a schvalovánà klinických protokolu
61Rationale
- Acute myeloid leukemia monoclonal proliferation
of undifferentiated myeloid progenitors - gt 80 of patients achieve complete remission x
15 overall survival at 5 years - All patients have minimal residual disease
following induction therapy - Limited number of described tumor Ag (products
of chromosomal translocations, proteinase 3, WT1,
MUC-1 ?) - ? use of whole tumor preparations for DC pulsing
could possibly overcome these constraints
62Patients characteristics
- Gender female n4 male n6
- Age median 65 years (29-71 years)
- FAB subtypes of de novo AML M0 n1
- M1 n4
- M4 n1
- M5 n3
- Biphenotypic n1
- Associated chromosomal abnormalities
- MLL amplification n1
- MLL deletion n1
- Induction chemotherapy Ara-C, Idarubicin n10
63Study design
64Generation of DC
DC of non-leukemic origin
Leukemic DC
Monocytes (remission blood samples)
AML blasts (gt70 in bone marrow or blood samples)
Day 0
GM-CSF (500 U/ml) IL-4 (15 ng/ml)
GM-CSF (500 U/ml) IL-4 (15 ng/ml) TNFa (10
ng/ml)
immature DC
Day 5
Ag-pulsing
Day 6
TNFa (10 ng/ml) Poly(IC) (25 mg/ml)
Maturation
mature DC
leukemic DC neg. CD14, MHC II. , CD80, CD86,
CD83
Day 7
65DC phagocytose apoptotic leukemic blasts
DC IL-4
Apoptotic cells
DC IL-4CAEDTA
DC IL-4CA 11
64
PKH-26-red fluorescence
35
DC IL-4CAEDTA
DC IL-4CA 13
97
- All apoptotic cells cleared within 24 hours
- Ratio 3 tu cells for 1 DC necessary to pulse all
DC in culture
2
HLA-DR-FITC
66Leukemic DC
Leukemic origin of DC MLL gene amplification
(Patient 10) (FISH analysis)
Phenotype of leukemic DC (Patient 1) indirect
evidence of leukemic origin by persistence of
aberrant CD4 expression
Successful generation in 5 of 10 patients
67Non-leukemic DC characteristics
CD80
CD14
CD86
CD83
HLA-DR
Day 5 immature DC
Tumor Ag UV irradiated AML blasts
Ag-pulsing maturation
PI
Annexin V
Successful generation in 10 of 10 patients
68Leukemic DC x DC of non-leukemic origin
Phenotypic comparison
- Extremely heterogeneous expression profile of
generated leukemic DC - Higher and homogeneous expression of maturation
associated DC markers on the surface of
pulsed non-leukemic DC
69Induction of antileukemic cytotoxic T-cell
response
Killing activity of CTL induced by mature
Ag-pulsed DC
Autologous AML blasts
Allogeneic leukemic blasts and autologous
unpulsed DC
Ag-pulsed mature DC
Autologous AML blasts
Allogeneic AML blasts
70Induction of antileukemic cytotoxic T-cell
response
Only leukemic DC or DC of non-leukemic origin
pulsed with killed AML blasts induce CTL against
autologous leukemic blasts
Patient 1
Patient 2
Killing of autologous leukemic blasts is
inhibited by MHC class I (80) and MHC class II
(40) blocking Abs
71Summary
- Pulsed non-leukemic DC immunotherapy of AML
- Successful DC generation in all patients
- Homogeneous DC markers expression, unimpaired
ability and kinetics of maturation - Detectable CTL induction for all patients tested
- Similar cytotoxicity inducing potential for both
DC preparations
72Problémy k reenÃ
- které bunky jsou výhodnejà pro produkci DC in
vitro, CD34 kmenové bunky, nebo monocyty? - majà vechna maturacnà agens stejnou aktivitu a
schopnost stimulovat DC? - jakou roli hraje výber aktivacnÃho agens a
kinetika stimulace DC pro typ vyvolané imunitnÃ
reakce? - jaká je optimálnà forma nádorového antigenu, a
je tato forma shodná pro ruzné typy nádoru? - jaké mnostvà DC pouÃt pro vakcinaci, jakou
zvolit cestu podánÃ, s jakou frekvencà a jak
dlouho? - jaké jsou nejlepà indikace pro tento typ lécby,
jaké onemocnenÃ, jaké stadium, jak skloubit
imunoterapii a ostatnà terapeutické modality? - jaká je role adjuvancià (GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12,
BCG) pri protinádorové imunoterapii? - jak závaný je vznik autoimmunÃch reakcÃ?
73PodekovánÃ
Ústav imunologie Univerzita Karlova, 2.
LF Jirina Bartunková Radek pÃek Daniela
Roková Zuzana Tobiáová Anna edivá Ondrej
Hruák Jitka Brázová Irena Jareová
Allostem, EU, FP 6