Cognition

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Cognition

• ByKristine Conderman and Tarra Ognissanti

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The Information Processing Model

• The three stages that information passes through
  before it is stored.
• Sensory- Information is lost because it is not
  encoded
• Information is encoded into the short term memory
• Short term memory- because it is not encoded
• Information is encoded into the long term memory
• Long term- information lost due to retrieval
  failure

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Forgetting

• Retroactive interference- the new information
  interferes with the recalling of older
  information.
• Proactive interference- the older info. Learned
  previously interferes with the recall of
  information learned more recently.
• Antrograde amnesia- damage to the hippocampus
  they cant encode new memories.

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Language

• All language can be described with phonemes and
  morphemes.
• Phonemes- the smallest unit of sound used in
  language. the rolling of the Rs
• Morphemes- the smallest unit of meaningful
  sounds. a,pre-,in, but
• Babbling stage- appears to be innate represents
  experimentation with phonemes.
• Telegraphic speech- toddlers will combine their
  words into simple commands. Meaning is usually
  clear, but syntax is absent.

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Describing thought/ Problem Solving

• Prototypes- what we think is the most typical
  example of a particular concept. For example-
  the prototype of a bird is a robin, not a
  penguin.
• Images- the mental pictures we create in our
  minds of the outside world. can be visual,
  auditory, tactile, olfactory, or an image of
  taste.
• Algorithms- a way to solve a problem using every
  possible solution. If you lose your keys, you
  look EVERYWHERE for them.
• Heuristics- a rule of thumb, a rule that is
  generally, but not always, true that we can use
  to make a judgment in a situation. If you lose
  your keys, you look in the three possible places
  that you usually put them, instead of looking
  everywhere for them.

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Problem solving continued

• Availability heuristic- judging a situation based
  on examples of similar situations that come to
  mind initially. For example, a person might judge
  his neighborhood more dangerous than one in the
  city because that person is more familiar with
  the violence in his neighborhood than other
  neighborhoods.
• Representativeness Heuristic- judging a situation
  based on how similar the aspects are to the
  prototypes the person holds in his mind.

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Problem solving impediments

• Problem solving research identifies some common
  mistakes people make while trying to solve
  problems.
• Ridgity- refers to the tendency to fall into the
  established thought patterns.
• Functional fixdness- the inability to see a new
  use for an object. not thinking to use a dime
  for a screwdriver.
• Confirmation bias- we tend to look for evidence
  that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence
  that contradict what we think to be true.

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Creativity

• Convergent thinking- thinking pointed towards one
  solution.
• Divergent thinking- thinking that searches for
  multiple answers to a question.
• When judging whether or not something is
  creative, we look at wheather it is original or
  novel, and how it fits the situation.