Geoff Scott

1
Hollings Marine Laboratory Think
Green with Marine

• Geoff Scott
• NOAA/NOS National Centers for Coastal Ocean
  Science
• Director, Center for Coastal Environmental
• Health And Biomolecular Research
• And
• Acting Director Center for Human Health Risks at
  the Hollings Marine Laboratory

CCEHBR Charleston
CCEHBR Oxford
CHHR at HML
2
MUSC Marine Biomedicine
SC DNR Marine Resources Research Institute
WELCOME TO CHARLESTON!
NOAA/NIST Hollings Marine Laboratory
NOAA Center for Coastal Environmental Health and
Biomolecular Research
Marine Research Cluster at Fort Johnson
3
(No Transcript)
4
Supporting NOAA and NCCOS Missions and Mandates

• NCCOS Mission To provide coastal managers with
  the scientific information and tools needed to
  balance societys environmental, social, and
  economic goals
• Primary mandates

• Key Scientific Products
• Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) ecological forecasts
  to protect public health and coastal economies
• HAB detection technologies for observation and
  forecasting systems
• Predictions to support Action Plan for Gulf of
  Mexico Dead Zone and other national hypoxia
  problems
• Predictions for ecosystem management of major
  regions affected by multiple stressors (e.g.
  Great Lakes, S. FL, LA Coast) in an ecosystem
• Climate change impacts on major US fisheries
  (GLOBEC)
• Operational Coastal Change Analysis Program
• Operational CoastWatch Program
• National contaminant monitoring and assessments
• Early warning system for emerging contaminants
  of concern
• National Coastal Condition Report (interagency
  assessment with EPA, USGS, USFWS

• Coastal Ocean Program (201(c) of PL 102-567)
• Authorizes the Coastal Ocean Program, which is
  implemented through NCCOS/CSCOR
• Includes efforts to improve predictions of fish
  stocks, better conserve and manage living marine
  resources, improve predictions of coastal ocean
  pollution, promote development of ocean
  technology, understand and characterize role
  oceans play in global climate, improve
  predictions of coastal hazards
• Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and
  Control Act of 1998 (16 USC 1451) HABHRA (plus
  reauthorizations)
• Establishes national task force chaired by DOC
• National competitive HAB and Hypoxia programs
  within NCCOS (e.g., ECOHAB, MERHAB, NGOMEX,
  CHRP) requires regular reporting to Congress
• Assess ecological and economic impacts of HABs
  and hypoxia on ecosystems develop alternatives
  for reducing, mitigating, or control of impacts
• National Coastal Monitoring Act (Title V of 33
  USC 2801-2805)
• Requires NOAA Undersecretary (along with EPA
  Administrator and others) develop and implement
  program for long term collection (e.g., National
  Status and Trends Mussel Watch Program) and
  analysis of scientific data designed to measure
  coastal ecosystem environmental quality
• Other Mandates include Coral Reef Conservation
  Act, NMSA, ERA, CZMA, OHHI

5
NCCOS Ecosystem Research Approach Ecosystem
Stressors Place-Based
Stressor-Based Research Tools and Indicators
Place-Based Research Products Integrated
Ecosystem Assessments

• Ecosystem Stressor Based Research

• Place-Based Ecosystem Research Integration

Special Area Management Plans
Coral Reefs
NationalEstuarine Research Reserves
National Marine Sanctuaries
Open Ocean
Eutrophication
Chemical Contaminants
Extreme Natural Events (HABs)
Global Climate Change
Microbes
Hypoxia
Land and Resource Use
Invasive Species
Human Dimension Research Plans

• Define Ecosystem Management Priorities
  Guidelines

6
NCCOS Research Applicable to the Gulf of Mexico
Integrated Ecosystem Assessment
R
Microbial Source Tracking
Post Katrina Assessment
Hypoxia
Land Use
NST Musselwatch
NST Musselwatch
Hg in GOM
Hg in GOM
ECCOCs
Regional EAs
HABs PMN, ART Forecasting
7
University of South Carolina
Partitioning of Au nanorods in saline estuarine
mesocosms
John L. Ferry1, Preston S. Craig1, Rebecca Frey1,
Cole R. Hexel1, Timothy J. Shaw1, Catherine J.
Murphy1, Patrick Sisco1, Alan Decho2, G. T.
Chandler2,3, Paul Pennington4, Michael Fulton5
and Geoff Scott4,5. A collaborative research
effort between (1) the Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina,
(2) the Department of Environmental Health
Sciences, University of South Carolina, (3) the
Arnold School of Public Health, University of
South Carolina, (4) the Hollings Marine
Laboratory, NOAA, and (5) the National Ocean
Service, NOAA Accepted for Publication in Nature,
2009
8
Forensics Branch

• Criminal Investigation
• NMFS
• States/International
• Last 3 Years
• 100 conviction rate
• All but 1 case suspects pleaded guilty
• 85 of all NMFS OLE
• Forensic Cases done by CCEHBR

Suspected products with protected species
Molecular DNA analysis
9
Report Card on Coastal Ecosystem Health

• COASTAL CONDITION REPORT 44 of Estuarine
  Ecosystems were impaired primarily due to NPS
  pollution.
• A national survey conducted by NOAA 67 of our
  estuaries and bays in the U.S. are moderately or
  severely impacted by eutrophication .

10
Report Card on Coastal Ecosystem Health

• Increasing number of beach advisories or closures
  occurred in the U.S. due to bacterial
  contamination
• 40 of the shellfish beds in the U.S. had harvest
  restrictions resulting from urban runoff,
  discharges from septic tanks, runoff from animal
  feedlots and wildlife pollution sources.

Pollution Sources
Microbes
Water Quality
Health
11
Getting Sick at the Beach?

• In 2006 alone, the US had 34,358 days of beach
  closures/advisories, due to the presence of
  pathogens (bacteria, viruses or other
  disease-causing microbes) and HABs
• NRDC estimates 10 of beachgoers contract GI
  illness for gt7,000,000 cases annually
• Estimated annual public health costs in just two
  counties in California were 21 51 M -
  extrapolate to the U.S., potentially huge

12
Urbanization inCoastal Ecosystems

• Globally, gt 55 of the worlds population lives
  within 50 miles of the coast
• Half of the US population reside within 50 miles
  of the coast, which occupies less than 11 of the
  land area of the lower 48 states
• Greatest rate of population change has been in
  the southeastern US (58 increase) followed by
  the Pacific (46) Gulf of Mexico (45)

13
Urbanization Effects on Coastal Ecosystems
Human Response
Ecological Response
Stressor
Exposure
Physical- Chemical Changes
Coastal Development Activities
Health and Welfare
Living Resources
Impaired Water Quality Hydrography
Reduced Biological Productivity
Increased Population Density
Beach and Shellfish Bed Closures
Microbial Pathogens Contamination
Vulnerability to Flooding
Altered Land Cover
Altered Food Webs
Quality of Life
Increased Impervious Cover
Chemical Contamination
Impaired Animal Health
Quality of Place
10-30 Impervious Cover
20-30 Impervious Cover
10-20 Impervious Cover
Increasing Imperviousness Leads to Increased
Loading of Nutrients, Microbes Contaminants
14
Summary Urbanization Effects
15
Emerging Chemical Contaminants of Concern
Petroleum Hydrocarbons Pharmaceuticals Co-Occur
with Microbes

• National Academy of Sciences (2002) petroleum
  products running off roadways, parking lots in
  the U.S. in an 8 month period Volume spilled in
  the EXXON VALDEZ Oil Spill

Geoff this slide is repeated on the next slide
minus the chemical components, delete which ever
one you dont want to use
Oil spill in water
Baltimore Harbor Tunnel particulate matter

• Pharmaceuticals are frequently found in U.S.
  waterways

Los Angeles total air sample average
16
Oxytetracycline Findings
17
Induction of E. coli Antibiotic Resistance
18
Antibiotic Resistance in Ocean and Coastal Waters

• Antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals are
  frequently found in waterways throughout the US
• Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  (MRSA) causes many life-threatening infections at
  hospitals and has become resistant to a number of
  first-line antibiotics, causing more deaths than
  AIDS in the US (CDC, 2008).
• MRSA has been detected on some U.S. beaches
  (e.g., Hawaii) and recent Wall Street Journal
  Article reported 45 of hog farmers and 49 of
  hogs are infected with MRSA in Illinois and Iowa
  (March 11, 2009).
• NOAA-supported research has just documented
  antibiotic resistant Vibro parahaemolyticus and
  V. vulnificus in coastal waters of SC and GA.

18
19
Antibiotic Resistance in Ocean and Coastal Waters

61 of sick and stranded marine wildlife
exhibited resistance to one to as many as ten
common antibiotics.

Bacteria isolated from 39 of wild-caught
dolphins in the Charleston, SC area were
resistant to gt 3 common antibiotics(Amp-Amx-Cf-P).
20
Beach and Shellfish Harvest Area Forecast Models

• Provide early warning
• information
• for the public, municipal and governmental
  officials

21

• Hollings Marine Laboratory
• A Partnership Laboratory
• Science Focus Development of advanced technology
  for linking coastal ecosystems and public health
  well being

22
Other Views of HML
NOAA HOLLINGS MARINE LABORATORY
Aerial View
Side View
gt100,000 sq ft
23
Leadership Structure at HML
Executive Board (Presidents, Directors)
NCCOS
Science Board SCDNR NIST NOS UCSC MUSC
Operational Committees/Councils
Director
Health, Safety, Environmental Compliance
Security Finance/Administration Research NMR,
Genomics Aquatic Production Animal Welfare
Biosecurity Information Technology Equipment
Technical Staff
Safety, Environmental Compliance and Security
Administrative Services
Facilities Support
Culture Husbandry
24
HML Specialized Facilities

• Aquatic Production (5,147 sq ft) including
  settled and raw seawater
• Molecular Biology Physiology (11,508 sq ft)
  Laboratories including robotics tissue culture
• Cryogenic Storage (3,800 sq ft) including
  National Marine Specimen Bank walk-in 5 cold
  room/freezer combinations
• Environmental Chemistry (12,375 sq ft)
• Challenge Laboratories (1,270 sq ft) BSL 3
  Laboratories (4 _at_ 1,800 sq ft) including marine
  mesocosm facilities
• NMR Facility (6,000 net sq ft) including 800
  700 MHz instruments
• Office Addition (18,000 net sq ft)

25
Partnering Research at HML

• Overview of the HML
• Unique Mission, Organizational Structure
  Facilities
• Collaborative Research Among HML Partners
• Research Centers of Interest
• NCCOS Center for Human Health Risk at HML
• Cooperative Center for Marine Animal Health
  (NOS/NCCOS NMFS/PR)
• NOAA Center of Excellence for Oceans and Human
  Health at the HML
• SC Economic Center Of Excellence in Marine
  Genomics and Bioinformatics

26
HMLs Future Workshop Articulating HMLs Future
State

• HML is known for excellence in understanding
  relationships among the health of coastal
  ecosystems, health of marine organisms and human
  health
• Concurrence by all partners including the HML EB
  of the following priorities for future research
  thematic areas
• - Ecosystem Health and Human Well Being
• - Marine Organism Health
• - Marine Products
• Common Rational and Approach from SWOT Analysis
  in each theme areas
• - Discovery science of new findings in molecular
  biology, chemistry, and marine biological
  sciences
• - Development of useful and user-friendly tools
  in different forms that solve real world problems
• - Science that contributes to each partnering
  institutions mission and objectives
• - Ability to train the next generation of
  scientists

-
27
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
27
28
Florida Red Tide Brevetoxin May Pose Respiratory
Problems
Inhalation of airborne HAB toxins at beaches is a
common occurrence and growing concern, especially
for people with asthma or other pre-exiting
breathing problems.

• New NOAA research indicates that inhaling
  brevetoxin causes damage in the lung that may
  increase risks of cancer formation.

29
Harmful Algal Blooms

• HAB Event Response
• Support for event response (e.g. Analytical
  Response Team ART)
• New technologies to detect cells and toxins
  Opportunities for Commercialization
• Understanding of food web impacts
• Physical-chemical-biological models developed to
  forecast blooms

30
OHH scientists determined that two environmental
stressors interact in the marine mammal fetus to
cause greater harm
DDT a man-made insectide discharged into our
waters during our post-WWII industrial period
Domoic Acid an emerging neurotoxin,
produced by harmful algal blooms fueled by
nutrient pollution and changing environmental
conditions.    
Photo credit National Geographic
Early Dolphin Fetus
 This is a new perspective of how harmful algal
blooms react with pollutants that persists in
our oceans
31
Fetal Domoic Acid Poisoning Leads to Adult
Neurological Disease

• Pregnant sea lions and dolphins accumulate
  domoic acid in the amniotic fluid which bathes
  the fetus in toxin during critical stages of
  brain development.
• NOAA research indicates that fetal animals are
  susceptible to a silent poisoning that becomes
  manifest later in life as aberrant behavior and
  epileptic seizures. The lead scientist put the
  findings this way We are just beginning to
  understand how not just a single chemical, but a
  complex mix of chemicals we start life with leave
  us vulnerable to disease later in life.

32
OHH research demonstrates that an emerging algal
toxin can break the silence of a previous era of
DDT poisoning
 These two environmental trends meet in a very
important place, the Channel Island National
Marine Sanctuary, mixing in animals seeking
refuge in their most important breeding
ground Each year the number of California sea
lions that strand on beaches increases may be
due to this newly described neurological disorder
- which could further exacerbate marine mammal
health  
Photo credit Rick Loomis
33
NOAAs Phytoplankton Monitoring Network
34
Environmental Surveillance Network (ESN)
A Real Time Information Network that
links data on unusual mortality events
Clustered Mortality Events
Detailed Info. on mortality event

• A real-time surveillance network of mortality
  incidents (e.g. fish kills, bird kills, animal
  disease outbreaks, harmful algal blooms, dolphin
  strandings)
• Includes links to USGS water level and water
  quality stations
• Fishkills, HABs, Marine Mammal Strandings are
  important ecosystem indicators of health

Historical Data on Dolphin Strandings
Linking data into information networks like ESN
enables better integration of NOAA and External
Partner data
35
HAB Forecast System Early Warning to Protect
Human Health
Model Output
Observations
Synthesis and Analysis
A harmful algal bloom has been identified in
patches from southern Lee to central Collier
County. Patchy very low impacts are possible from
southern Lee County to central Collier County
today through Thursday. No other impacts are
expected.
Conditions Report (public)
HAB Bulletin (managers)
http//www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/habf
35
36
In Situ Application of Toxin Assays for HAB
Monitoring and Research
MBARI Environmental Sample Processor
37
Antibiotic Discovery at NOAA A Focus on
Pseudopterogorgia americana
Visually healthy P. americana
Media Luna reef, La Parguera, Puerto
Rico Caribbean has lost over 80 of its hard
coral cover in the past years.
Visually diseased P. americana (close-up)
Image Credit Dr. Ernesto Weil, University of
Puerto Rico- Mayaquez, PR
38
Chemical Warfare Antimicrobial Screening Assay

• Bacterial isolates tested against a series of
  pathogenic bacteria
• Antimicrobial screening often highlights
  potential antibiotic selectivity
• Selective antibiotic activity targets potential
  for personalized medicine

Human Pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa Escherichi
a coli Kocuria rhizophila Bacillus spp. (B.
subtilis) Aspergillus spp. (A. sydowii)
Inhibition
Coral Pathogens Vibrio coralliilyticus Aspergillu
s sydowii

• Other Marine Invertebrate Pathogen
• V. harveyi

Coral Isolate A vs K. rhizophila
Coral Isolate B vs P. aeruginosa
39
Marine Natural Products Anti-biofilm Chemicals
Enable Effective Use of Current Generation
Antibiotics
MRSA Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from military
personnel wounded in Afghanistan
40
Marine Genomics at HML Oyster Microarrays

• Oysters in creeks with
• different land use differentially
• express genes
• Bioinformatic Analysis of this
• differential gene expression
• enables correct classification
• of oysters to creeks with
• different land use gt 90 of the
• time
• Genes affected include those
• that control growth
• Reproduction Important for
• Management

41
SC Department of Natural Resources

• Seafood Imports are our 2 in balance of trade
  issue behind petroleum. Greater seafood
  consumption expected in the future. 80 of our
  shrimp are imported.
• Shrimp Aquaculture Waddell Mariculture Center
  in Bluffton
• Technology Developed to produce penaied shrimp in
  freshwater in closed systems
• Potential for several crops/year in SC with
  moderate climate

42
Green Energy

• Green energy is the term used to describe sources
  of energy that are considered to be
  environmentally friendly and non-polluting, such
  as geothermal, wind, solar, and hydro.
• Sometimes nuclear power is also considered a
  green energy source.
• Green energy sources are often considered "green"
  because they are perceived to lower carbon
  emissions and create less pollution.
• COL Oxford Lab has NOAAs first Geothermal HVAC
  System
• Environmental Management Systems Self Declaration
  1st Office in NOS

43
Comparison of CO2 Footprint for Different Energy
Sources
44
Impacts of Energy Production on Health

• The Swedish utility Vattenfall did a study of
  full life cycle emissions of Nuclear, Hydro,
  Coal, Gas, Solar Cell, Peat and Wind which the
  utility uses to produce electricity. The net
  result of the study was that nuclear power
  produced 3.3 grams of carbon dioxide per KW-Hr of
  produced power vs. 400 for natural gas and 700
  for coal. The study concluded that nuclear power
  produced the smallest amount of CO2 of any of
  their conventional electricity sources.
• Claims exist that the problems of nuclear waste
  do not come anywhere close to approaching the
  problems of fossil fuel waste. A 2004 article
  from the BBC states "The World Health
  Organization (WHO) says 3 million people are
  killed worldwide by outdoor air pollution
  annually from vehicles and industrial emissions,
  and 1.6 million indoors through using solid
  fuel.
• In the U.S. alone, fossil fuel waste kills 20,000
  people each year due to complications with
  respiratory and heart disease.

45
Interagency Research Agreement signed 2007
The new SRNL and NOAA partnership has a primary
focus on maritime, coastal and seaport issues in
the Southeastern United States!

• SRNL partnered with the NOAA Center for Coastal
  Environmental Health Biomolecular Research
  located at the Hollings Marine Laboratory and the
  NOAA Coastal Services Center
• Applications for maritime monitoring and coastal
  security
• Focus is new tools and methodologies for
  biological and chemical monitoring
• Microbiology, molecular biology, biosensors,
  ecotoxicology
• Bioanalytical methods, deployable sensors and
  sentinel systems
• Applications to biofuels technology for green
  energy

The collaboration targets improved methods for
monitoring the health, recovery and restoration
of marine and coastal systems
Hollings Marine Laboratory
46
CCEHBR and CHHR at HML Research Products

• CCEHBR/CHHR research provide guidance on how to
  mange protect coastal ecosystems and how to
  make sustainable ecosystem based decisions in
  land use planning that protect both ecosystem
  human health.
• CCEHBR/CHHR Research is focused on
• -Research that ID HAB Toxins that pose human
  health risk
• -Microbial Source Tracking Tools to ID pollution
  sources so corrective actions may be taken to
  protect human health
• -Early Warning HAB Pathogen Forecast
  Detection Systems to better protect health
• -Chemical contaminant research that IDs and
  quantifies chemical exposure to conventional
  emerging chemical contaminants, linking exposure
  to ecosystem human health risks
• -Discovery of new chemicals that may become
  drugs that protect human health

47
CCEHBR and CHHR Relevance

• Charleston Post and Courier May 5, 2009 Op Ed
  Piece by Lonnie Carter, Anita Zucker and Ronnie
  Givens entitled Collective Effort Needed to
  Counter Recession which states Consider the
  cutting edge research at MUSC, the Hollings
  Marine Laboratory, SPAWAR and other centers of
  innovation as a possible solution to current
  recession
• Hilton Head Island Packet May 28, 2009 Op Ed
  piece by Weston Newton, Chairman Beaufort County
  Council entitled Lowcountry Heritage at Risk
  which states While this is emerging science, it
  is supported by Dr. Fred Holland and Dr. Geoff
  Scott of the NOAA labs in Charleston. Dr. Scott
  is also a member of the Technical Advisory
  Committee of the Watershed Management Plan
  Implementation Committee for the Town of
  Bluffton in response to the countys war on
  fecal coliform bacteria closing shellfish harvest
  areas.

48
NOAA CCEHBR/HML Research Partners