Cell Metabolism

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Chapter 4
Cell Metabolism
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Overview
.Metabolism Carbohydrates Lipids
Proteins .DNA and RNA .Genetic code and protein
synthesis
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Metabolism

• Series of chemical reactions necessary for the
  use of the raw material.

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2 parts of Metabolism

• Anabolism
• Catabolism

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Anabolism

• The chemical reactions that build larger, more
  complex substances from simpler substances.
• The synthetic or anabolic processes require an
  input of energy (ATP).

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Catabolism

• The chemical reactions that degrade, or break
  down, larger, more complex substances into
  simpler substances.
• Usually accompanied by the release of energy.

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Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharide
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides

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Monosaccharide

• Six-carbon simple sugars
• gt Fructose fruit sugar
• gt Galactose hydrolysis of lactose or milk
  sugar
• gt Glucose as the most important
• primary source of energy
• can also be stored by glycogen
• converted to and stored as fat
• catabolized anaerobically and
• aerobically

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Monosaccharide

• Five-carbon
• gt Deoxyribose sugar in DNA
• gt Ribose sugar in RNA

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Checkpoint 4-1 Glucose is usually broken down in
order to make what?
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Disaccharides

• Include
• gt sucrose table sugar
• gt maltose malt
• gt lactose - milk
• Double sugars
• Must be broken down into monosaccharides

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Checkpoint4-2 What are the 3 classifications of
Disaccharides?
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Polysaccharides

• Made of many glucose such as
• gt starches found in plant foods
• gt glycogen storage form of glucose
• gt cellulose forms dietary fiber or roughage

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Checkpoint 4-3 Which of the classifications of
Polysaccharides called as animal starch?
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Lipids

• Triglycerides -
• protect and insulate body organs
• major source of stored energy
• Phospholipids
• found in cell membrane
• Steroids

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Checkpoint 4-4 Which of the Lipids are steroids
made?
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Protein

• Composed of a series of amino acids
• Linked by peptide bonds in a specific sequence
• Used primarily in the synthesis of hormones
• enzymes
• antibodies
• plasma proteins
• muscle proteins
• hemoglobin
• cell membranes
• . Used as fuel and as raw material fro making of
  glucose.

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Checkpoint 4-5 Where can you find peptide bonds?
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DNA

• Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Blueprint for life
• Stored information concerning protein synthesis
• Double-stranded series of nucleotides arranged in
  a twisted ladder formation

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DNA

• A nucleotide is composed of
• sugar
• phosphate group
• base adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
• . Each strand of DNA is linked according to base
  pairing (adenine links with thymine cytosine
  links with guanine)
• . The genetic code is stored within the sequence
  of three bases along a strand of DNA

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Checkpoint 4-6 What are the bases for DNA?

• Checkpoint 4-7 What is the sugar in DNA?

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RNA

• Ribonucleic acid
• Similar to the structure of DNA
• Sugar Ribose
• Single stranded
• Bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
• Types
• mRNA messenger
• tRNA - transfer

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Checkpoint 4-8 What is the function of RNA?
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Protein Synthesis

• Genetic code on DNA is copied by mRNA
  TRANSCRIPTION
• RNA transfers the genetic code from the nucleus
  to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
• The genetic code of mRNA is read by tRNA
  TRANSLATION
• A peptide bond between each amino acid is formed
  as the peptide chain grows along the ribosome
• The protein chain is terminated.