Blood

1
Chapter 12

• Blood

2
12.1

• Blood is a type of connective tissue whose cells
  are suspended in a liquid material.

3
12.2

• Whole blood is
• Slightly heavier than water
• 3 to 4 times more viscous (resistance to flow)
• Blood cells form mainly in the red bone marrow.
• Blood also contains cells (RBC and WBC) and cell
  fragments (platelets) called formed elements.

4

• The average sized adult has about 5 liters of
  blood volume.
• Men have more blood than women.
• Men 1.5 gallons, women 0.875 gallons.

5

• A blood sample is usually about 45 cells (red
  and white) this is called the hematocrit (HCT).
• A blood sample is about 55 liquid called plasma
  (yellow in color).
• Plasma (nonliving) is a complex mixture of water
  (92), amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates,
  lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and
  cellular wastes.

6
In one drop of blood

• RBC 5 million, live for 120 days, main job is to
  carry oxygen.
• WBC 8,000, live for 10 days, main job is to fight
  infections.
• Platelets 250,000, 5 days, main job is to aid in
  forming clots.

7
Red Blood Cells

• RBC or erythrocytes are biconcave disks, shaped
  like donuts with no hole.
• Hemoglobin
• is the protein that causes blood to be red.
• carries oxygen on the RBC.
• Anemia is having too few RBC or too little
  hemoglobin. A person with anemia feels tired, is
  short of breath, and looks pale.

8

• The production of RBC is dependent on adequate
  intake of iron, folic acid, vitamin B12.
• RBC lack a nucleus and therefore cannot
  synthesize proteins or reproduce.

9
Sickle Cell

• Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease in which
  all the RBC are shaped like sickles.
• Sickle cell is more common among
  African-Americas.
• People with sickle cell have serious health
  problems.
• Sickle cells do not carry enough oxygen and can
  get stuck in blood capillaries.

10
Destruction of RBC

• Marcrophages destroy damaged RBC, primarily in
  the liver and spleen.

11
White Blood Cells

• WBC or leukocytes protect against disease.
• There are 5 types of WBC. They are classified
  according to size, the nature of their cytoplasm,
  nuclei shape, and how they stain.

12
2 Main Groups of WBC

• Granulocytes are leukocytes with granular
  cytoplasm. They live only about 12 hours.
• Agranulocytes are leukocytes without cytoplasmic
  granules.

13
5 types of WBC

• Neutrophils is the most numerous WBC.
• Eosinophils are WBC that increase in certain
  parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
• Basophils release heparin and histamine.
• Monocytes are the largest blood cells. They are 2
  or 3 times larger than RBC.
• Lymphocytes can live for many years. They form
  antibodies necessary for immunity to specific
  diseases.

14

• WBC combat infection by phagocytes and antibody
  production.

15
WBC diseases

• Leukemia is a form of cancer characterized by
  uncontrolled production of WBC.
• AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is a
  disease of the immune system. The AIDS virus
  reproduces in only one kind of WBC.

16
Platelets

• Platelets or thrombocytes are not complete cells.
• Platelets lack a nucleus.
• Platelets help close breaks in damage blood
  vessels and initiate formation of blood clots.

17
12.3 Blood Plasma

• Plasma is the clear, straw colored, liquid
  portion of the blood.
• Plasma is 92 water.
• Functions included transporting nutrients, gases,
  and vitamins. Help regulate fluid and electrolyte
  balance and maintaining body pH.

18
Plasma Proteins

• Plasma proteins are the most abundant of the
  dissolved substances in plasma.
• 3 Types of Plasma Proteins
• Albumins
• Globulins
• Fibrinogen

19

• Albumins are the smallest of the plasma proteins,
  account for 60 of these proteins by weight. Made
  in the liver.
• Globulins make up 36 of plasma. Produce by
  lymphatic tissue (Lymphocytes).
• Fibrinogen make up 4 of plasma. Functions in
  blood coagulation.

20
Gases and Nutrients

• Blood Gases are oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Plasma nutrients include amino acids, simple
  sugars, nucleotides, and lipids absorbed from the
  digestive tract. Most nutrients found in the
  plasma were primarily absorbed from the small
  intestines.

21

• Plasma lipids include fats, phospholipids, and
  cholesterol. Lipids are not soluble in water.
• Lipids that connect to proteins are called
  lipoproteins.
• Lipids are transported in plasma primarily as
  lipoproteins.

22
Cholesterol

• (LDL) Low-Density lipoproteins (bad)
• (HDL) High-Density lipoproteins (good)

23

• Nonprotein nitrogenous substances include amino
  acids, urea, and uric acid.
• Plasma Electrolytes are absorbed from the
  intestine. Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
  chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate
  ions. Na and Cl are the most abundant.

24
12.4 Hemostasis

• Is the stoppage of bleeding.
• Vasospasm when severed vessel close completely
  only last up to 30 minutes.
• Serotonin release which causes smooth muscles to
  contract that reduces blood loss.
• Platelets adhere to any rough surface and form
  blood clots. Clots begin to form when platelets
  come in contact with a rough surface.

25
Blood Coagulation

• Coagulation the most effective hemostatic
  mechanism, causes formation of blood clots.
• Fibrin insoluble threads.
• Prothrombin produced by the liver. In the
  presence of Calcium ions converts into thrombin
  which then forms fibrin threads.

26
Platelet disease

• Hemophilia- genetic disease in which blood is
  missing the clotting factor. Blood transfusions
  prior to 1985 have caused 95 of the hemophiliacs
  to develop AIDS.
• Von Willebrand- genetic disease in which a plasma
  protein in missing causes people to bruise and
  bleed easily.