CH 13: The Blood

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CH 13 The Blood
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Cardiovascular System

• Includes
• Blood
• (a specialized connective tissue)
• Heart
• Blood vessels

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Cardiovascular System

• Functions include
• Transport gases, nutrients,wastes, hormones
• Regulation pH, temp, electrolyte (ion)
  composition
• Protection immune functions

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Blood

• Composition
• Formed elements
• (cells and platelets)
• 45 total volume
• Plasma
• Dissolved substances, H20
• 55 total volume

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Formed elements

• RBCs
• Transports CO2 O2
• WBCs
• Immune function
• Platelets
• Clotting function

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Blood Stats

• pH
• is about 7.4 (slightly alkaline)
• Temperature
• 38oC (100oF)
• Viscosity
• 5X that of water
• Volume
• 5-6 L adult Male
• 4-5 L adult Female

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PLASMA

• 92 water
• Proteins
• Other solutes
• Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
• Na, Cl-, K, Ca, I-
• Urea

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PLASMA proteins

• Albumins (60)
• Regulation of osmotic pressure
• synthesized by liver
• Globulins (35)
• Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
• Transport proteins (ions, hormones)
• Syn by liver
• Fibrinogens
• Clotting process

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Big Words

• Corpuscles cells
• Hemopoiesis is blood formation
• Erythropoiesis is RBC formation
• Erythrocytes (RBCs)
• Leucocytes (WBCs)
• Lymphocytes (type of WBCs)
• Thrombocytes (platelets)

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Erythrocytes

• RBC color is due to Hemoglobin (Hb)
• Hb
• protein
• Contains iron (Fe)
• Binds gases like O2, CO2, CO
• CO poisoning due to (almost) irreversible binding
  and displacement of O2

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Erythrocytes

• 4.8 5.4 x 10 6 cells/ml blood
• Formed in Bone Marrow
• Last about 120 days
• Hematocrit
• of blood occupied by cells
• 40-54 adult male
• 37-47 adult female

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RBC function

• Transport of gases
• Bi-concave shape increases surface area
• No nucleus or mitochondria
• Small and round
• Anemia reduced capacity to carry O2

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Leukocytes

• Nucleated, no HB
• 6K 9 K/ml
• Found in Blood, tissues, lymph
• Defense function

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Leukocytes

• Two major kinds
• Granulocytes
• Neutrophils
• Basophils
• eosinophils
• Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes
• monocytes

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Neutrophils

• 50-70 WBCs
• Phagocytic
• Lifespan about 12 hrs

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Eosinophils

• 2- 4 of WBCs
• Phagocytic
• Increased numbers after
• allergic reaction
• parasitic infection

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Basophils

• lt1 of WBCs
• Release
• Histamine (local inflammation)
• Heparin (decrease blood clotting)

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Monocytes

• 2-8 of WBCs
• Called macrophages outside blood
• Very Phagocytic
• Can form giant multi-nucleated cells
• Release chemicals which attract other cells

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Lymphocytes

• 20-50 of WBCs
• Part of Lymphatic System
• Three major types
• T cells
• B cells
• NK cells

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Hemopoiesis

• RBCs BM
• WBCs-start in BM
• Mature in tissue (MPs)
• Mature in BM (NPs, EPs, BPs, B cells)
• Mature in Thymus (T cells)

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Blood Count

• look at total numbers of each kind of WBC
• Called Differential blood count
• Can help diagnose cancers, infections, other
  problems
• Leukopenia (? cell )
• Leukocytosis (? cell )
• Leukemia (cancer of WBCs)

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Platelets

• Formed from Megakaryocytes
• (found in BM)
• Membrane-enclosed cytoplasm and enzymes
• Also called Thrombocytes
• Participate in clotting process
• Continually replaced
• 350k/ml blood

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Coagulation and Hemostasis

• Hemostasis Stopping Blood loss
• Coagulation clotting
• Triggered by damage to cells lining BVs
• Involves platelets
• Proteins like fibrinogen,
• prothrombin

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Blood Types

• Determined by presence of proteins (Ags) on
  surface of cells
• AB and Rh most common blood types
• Genetically determined
• Antigen (Ag) anything that cause antibodies (Ab)
  to be produced

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Blood Types

• Type A has A antigens
• Type B has B antigens
• Type AB has A and B antigens
• Type O has no A or B antigens
• Rh has Rh antigens, etc
• Rh- has no Rh antigens, etc

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Blood Types
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Blood Types

• Type A has anti-B antibodies
• Type B has anti-A antibodies
• Type AB has no A or B antibodies
• Type O has anti-A and anti-B Abs
• Rh- can make anti-Rh antibodies
• Rh doesnt make anti-Rh antibodies

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Rh and pregnancy

• If Rh- women are carrying Rh fetus they will
  becomes sensitized and later pregnancies will
  generate Abs against fetal blood
• Erythroblastosis fetalis
• HDN
• Treated with RhoGam to destroy any fetal blood
  cells in mothers Blood