School Finance Boot Camp

1
School Finance Boot Camp

• Margaret Buckton, IASB Assoc. Exec. Director,
  Public Policy
• Larry Sigel, IASB School Finance Director

2
Welcome!!!

• Introductions
• Housekeeping breaks/restrooms, etc.
• What do you expect/what are the burning questions
  you need to have answered before you leave?
• Ground rules
• No dumb questions
• Please interrupt!

3
Packet Contents
4
Agenda

• Basic school finance overview
• Property tax basics
• Topics in school finance
• Counts (who, where, when)
• Allowable growth
• On-time funding
• Budget guarantee
• Special education
• Instructional support levy
• Spending authority

5
Agenda continued

• Topics in school finance continued
• Solvency ratio
• Facility and other related levies
• Categorical Funds
• Funding professional development
• Summary/wrap-up/reflection
• Evaluation

6
School Finance Basics
7
School Finance - Background

• Dillons rule
• School districts only have those powers expressly
  authorized by the Code of Iowa
• Home rule
• Cities and counties can do anything not expressly
  prohibited

8
School Finance - Background

• The Bright Line in School Finance
• Educational program expenditures are funded and
  equalized by the state foundation formula.
• Facility expenditures are funded locally (with
  some state assistance) and are not under the
  finance formula.

9
School Finance - Background

• The school foundation formula relies on two
  sources of revenue
• State General Fund appropriations
• Locally raised property taxes

10
School Aid - Basics

• Purpose of the foundation formula
• Code of Iowa, 257.31
• equalize educational opportunity, to provide
  good education for all children of Iowa, to
  provide property tax relief, decrease the
  percentage of school costs paid from property
  taxes, and to provide reasonable control of
  school costs.

11
School Aid - Basics

• Foundation formula - ceiling vs. floor
• The foundation formula results in a maximum
  expenditure per pupil and therefore a maximum
  amount a district can raise and spend (note not
  every district has the same ceiling)
• Other states school aid formulas have created a
  minimum spending per pupil
• This has led to lawsuits nationwide
• Iowas Constitution does not guarantee
  educational equity

12
Operation of Foundation Formula

• Three components
• Uniform Levy - Property tax levy of 5.40 per
  thousand of taxable valuation
• State Foundation Percentage - Amount the state
  pays in excess of 5.40 - varies by district
  (87.5 of cost per pupil)
• Additional Levy - Property tax levy which funds
  the difference between the Combined District Cost
  and the sum of the Uniform Levy and the State
  Foundation Percentage

13
Operation of Foundation Formula
14
Operation of Foundation Formula

• Two factors affecting district Regular Program
  budgets
• 1. Enrollment - increases or decreases in
  enrollment affect district budgets
• 2. Combined district cost changes (Allowable
  Growth)
• Changes in growth in valuations - uniform levy
  rate (5.40) or foundation percentage have no
  effect on Regular Program

15
School Aid - Basics

• Basic Calculations - District Costs
• Regular Program District Cost - budget enrollment
  times district cost per pupil. 608.4 students x
  5,333 3,244,597
• Combined District Cost - sum of Regular Program
  plus special education, ELL, media services.
• What happens if less is spent? Carries forward
  as unspent budget authority - can be used in
  future (one-time).

16
School Finance - Weightings

• Why Weight?
• Some populations have higher costs than others.
  Two choices pay more per student or count
  students at value greater than 1
• Special education has three weightings .72,
  1.21, 2.74 depending on severity
• These are in addition to the 1.0 weight

17
Spending Authority

• Schools must keep two sets of books
• Normal Fund Balance set of books (think audit).
• Spending Authority set of books
• What controls school district spending cash or
  spending authority?
• Both are important, but spending authority is
  vital.

18

• Any questions before we transition into Iowas
  property tax system???

19
Understanding Property Taxes

• Handout Chapter of New School Finance Manual
  Property Taxes
• Taxing authorities
• Taxing districts
• Basic equation
• Rate x Value Taxes Paid
• Tax rates
• Expressed in dollars per thousand

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Understanding Property Taxes

• Property Valuation

• Assessed value
• Classes of property
• Residential
• Agricultural
• Commercial/Industrial
• Gas and Electric
• Railroad
• Market value
• Productivity value
• Equalization
• Taxable value
• Rollbacks
• Credits

21
Understanding Property Taxes

• Figuring your property taxes
• Assessed value
• Times Residential Rollback Percent
• Equals Taxable Value
• Less Credits
• Equals Net Taxable Value
• Net Taxable Value x Tax Rate / 1,000 property
  taxes levied.
• Example - 100,000 home
• (100,000 x .44545) - 4,850 39,695
• 39,695 x 13.4120 / 1,000 532.39

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Exercise 1

• Figuring your property taxes

23
Understanding Property Taxes

• Property valuation characteristic of school
  districts (why we care)
• Property Rich
• Property Poor
• How is it calculated?
• Total Property Valuation / enrollment
• Interaction High value lower property tax
  rate
• Low value higher property tax rate
• A map, perhaps?

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Understanding Property Taxes

• Tax Increment Financing
• Municipalities define an economic development
  need could be business, residential, or city
  property
• TIF freezes a property tax base for length of
  the TIF (all recent TIFs sunset)
• Taxes applied to all growth (increment) in the
  area pay for economic development improvements or
  provide revenue stream to municipalities

27
Understanding Property Taxes

• Tax Increment Financing School Impact
• Costs the state 34 million this year to pay for
  loss of taxes generated by 5.40 levy (looks
  like increased school funding)
• Shifts taxes to other property tax payers in the
  district since TIF taxes on the increment go to
  the city (management, cash reserve, instructional
  support and additional levies)
• Loss of revenue to districts with capped levies
  (PERL levy or levies capped by either board
  promise or politics)
• Debt levy is exempt and PPEL levy may be exempt

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Property Taxes what can you do?

• Follow legislation and tell your districts
  story.
• Lobby against eroding the property tax base.
• Lobby for school district participation and
  accountability in the TIF process.
• Explain school district limits on authority (the
  state made you do it).
• Point out the difference between property tax
  relief and real school spending increases within
  the funding formula.

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• Questions about taxes before we go into the
  detailed topics in Iowa school finance???

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Detailed Topics in School Finance
31
Counts/Enrollment

• Why important?
• Each enrollment category has associated revenue
• Determines total spending authority
• Terminology
• Regular program
• Weighted enrollment

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Counts/Enrollment

• Headcount October 1
• Basic v. budget enrollment
• Always use prior year enrollment for setting
  budget
• Special education weightings
• Levels
• Weightings
• Supplementary weightings
• English Language Learners ELL
• At-risk

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Counts/Enrollment

• Weighted enrollment
• Budget enrollment
• Supplementary weighting ELL
• Supplementary weighting At-risk
• Special ed weighting
• 0.72 weight
• 1.21 weight
• 2.74 weight

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Counts/Enrollment

• Doing the math
• Facts
• October 1 (2), 2006 headcount 672.6
• Special Education
• 6 Level I
• 9 Level II
• 4 Level III
• Supplementary weighting 12.82
• What is my weighted enrollment?

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Counts/Enrollment
36
Enrollment the Punch line

• In preceding example, even though serving about
  672 children, the funding formula generated
  almost 712 children for the funding formula.
• Why important? Remember the credit card analogy?
• Our limit is being multiplied by 712 and not
  672 40 additional students.
• Weighting of students provides additional dollars
  to cover their unique needs.

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Allowable Growth

• What is it?
• Amount per pupil spending may increase
• Percent increase gt increase
• Generates spending authority
• Tells us how much our credit card limit can go up
  by
• What isnt it?
• Doesnt differentiate funding sources
• Doesnt guarantee budget increase

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Allowable Growth

• Current year state cost per pupil
• 5,333
• Allowable growth rate for FY 2009
• 4.0
• FY 2009 cost per pupil?

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Allowable Growth

• Basic Calculations
• Last years minimum District Cost Per Pupil
  (e.g., 5,333)
• Allowable Growth Rate 4.0
• This years district cost per pupil growth .04
  x 5,333 213.32 - rounds to 213
• 5,333 213 5,546
• If District Cost Per Pupil is higher than
  minimum, only get the fixed dollar - not 4.0.
  For example, 5,408 213 5,621
• Not 5,408 x 4 5,624

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Allowable Growth

• Basic Calculations (cont.)
• Differing District Costs Per Pupil
• Slightly over 50 of districts have a cost per
  pupil above the minimum although the deviation is
  less than 4.5.
• Differences will be reduced over time.

41
Allowable Growth

• When is 4 allowed growth not 4?
• Common perception is all districts receive 4
  increase in budgets.
• FY 2004 2 allowed growth resulted in 32.4 M
  new money (1.4) of which 27.5 M was due to the
  budget guarantee.
• FY 2005 2 allowed growth resulted in 39.2 M of
  new money (1.7), of which 31.1 M was due to the
  budget guarantee.
• FY 2006 4 allowed growth resulted in 71.7 M of
  new money (3.0), of which 18.8 M was due to the
  budget guarantee.
• FY 2007 4 allowed growth resulted in 88.3 M of
  new money (3.7), of which 18.8 M was due to the
  budget guarantee.

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Exercise 2

• Allowable Growth

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On-time Funding

• Basic Calculations - On Time Funding
• Principle - Districts with increasing enrollment
  have a way of capturing growth. Due to a year
  delay in enrollment count in funding formula -
  districts with increasing enrollment have
  shortfalls
• Calculation

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On-time Funding

• Exercise 3

45
Allowable Growth

• Basic Calculations - Budget Guarantee
• Principle Districts receive what they received
  in the prior year for the Regular Program Budget
  regardless of enrollment changes.
• Base Calculation

46
Budget Guarantee Phase-out

• Legislature phasing out the 100 Budget
  Guarantee beginning in FY 2005 and completely
  phased out by FY 2014.
• Created two alternate calculations
• Scale Down calculation
• 101 calculation
• Not a choice, automatically get greatest of the
  two calculations.

47
Districts Receive

• If a district is eligible for some form of
  Budget Guarantee in FY 2005 or thereafter
• Greater of scale down v. 101 option

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Big Picture

• Scale down calculation was created to bring those
  with a lot of budget guarantee down slowly (soft
  landing/crash).
• The 101 calculation gives an additional year
  when lose enrollment.
• Relationship between allowable growth and budget
  guarantee Enrollment lost greater than
  allowable growth rate less guarantee.

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Policy Implications

• Districts must plan and forecast into the future!
• Will result in decreases in budgets from one year
  to next especially coupled with low allowable
  growth
• How do you plan?

50
Exercise 4

• Figure New Money

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Special Education

• Revenue determined by weightings
• Iowas system unique
• If you spend less than the weightings generate
  have to send back (gt10)
• What happens if spend more?
• Creates a deficit
• Does not cause long term spending from regular
  education
• Deficits may be recouped from property taxes

52
Special Education

• Are weightings sufficient?
• No, special ed deficits growing statewide
• Number of kids increasing
• How solve
• Adjusting weightings more state s
• Adjust annually less sticker shock

53
Instructional Support Levy (ISL)

• Local levy to increase regular program district
  cost per pupil
• Two questions
• How much do you want to increase (max 10)?
• How are you going to fund (property tax, income
  surtax)?

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Instructional Support Levy (ISL)

• How do we get it approved?
• Board action for up to five years
• Subject to reverse referendum 30 of voters in
  last board election or 100 signatures whichever
  is greater
• Voter-approved for up to ten years
• Simple majority vote
• Series of board actions and resolutions
• Must be approved and in budget by April 15 work
  backwards to get timelines late January or
  early February is latest can start

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Instructional Support Levy (ISL)

• Uses
• Any General Fund purpose except
• Dropout prevention
• Talented and Gifted
• Physical plant and equipment levy (PPEL) uses
• Management levy uses
• Special education deficits
• May be more restrictive in use, but not less

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Instructional Support Levy (ISL)

• Funding
• Property tax not rate limited limited on
  amount of expenditure
• Income surtax surtax on state income tax
  maximum combined surtax rate of 20
• State aid frozen 14 million annually, thus
  prorated. Current shortfall is 43 million.
• Split statewide 51 property tax, 41 income
  surtax, 8 state aid

57
Instructional Support Levy (ISL)

• Who has it?
• 340 of 364 districts have it in place
• Generates 173 million
• 80 of districts generate full 10
• Increased use of income surtax
• 284 out of 40 have the surtax
• Average surtax is 6 to 7
• Lightens load of property tax

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• Any questions before we move on to spending
  authority?

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Big Picture Spending Authority

• Schools have to keep two sets of books
• Normal fund accounting set of books (think Audit
  or Certified Annual Report)
• Spending authority set of books (think credit
  card balance)

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Spending Authority

• Two key concepts
• Spending authority
• Is the maximum a district could spend in a year
  if it chose
• Unspent balance (unspent budget authority)
• Is the difference between a districts total
  spending authority for a year and what they
  actually spent

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Spending Authority

• Concept
• State gives each child a credit card with 5,333
  for FY 2008
• The funding formula decides the mix of property
  tax and state aid to pay the bill
• If spend less, carries forward and added to next
  years credit card

62
Spending Authority

• Spending authority is the sum of
• Combined District Cost
  (property tax and state aid)
• Miscellaneous income anything not above
• Unspent balance from previous years
• Why important?
• Districts cannot exceed spending authority
• Not a measure of cash
• Why allow districts to carry forward unused
  spending authority?
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vSrjpgnvusBI

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Building Blocks of Spending Authority
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Spending Authority vs. Cash
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Unspent Balance vs. Cash
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Solvency Ratio

• What is it?
• Unreserved/undesignated general fund balance
  divided by total revenues
• Measures the ability to pay off an obligation at
  the end of the fiscal year
• Good measurement for bondholders
• Measure of cash and not spending authority
• Only one part of the financial health of district
• Consider trend to determine if health is improving

67
Solvency Ratio

• Packet refer to handout on Solvency Ratio
• Questions
• Your district receives notice that state aid will
  be cut by 2.5 - reductions are impossible. What
  happens to your solvency ratio for the current
  fiscal year?
• What does it mean for the upcoming fiscal year?

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Facility Related Levies

• Physical Plant and Equipment Levy (PPEL)
• Debt levy
• School Infrastructure Local Option Sales Tax
  (SILO)

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Physical Plant and Equipment Levy

• Two levies
• Board approved PPEL maximum of 0.33 property
  tax approved annually by board (cannot borrow
  against)
• Voter approved PPEL maximum of 1.34 property
  tax/income surtax approved by voters (50)
• Maximum 10 years
• Can borrow against property tax portion of
  proceeds
• Must have at least 1 of property tax

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Physical Plant and Equipment Levy

• Allowable uses
• Purchase grounds, construct sidewalks, roadways,
  athletic fields, lighting, and demolition work
• Construction of schoolhouses or buildings
• Purchase, lease or lease-purchase of buildings or
  single unit of equipment or technology gt 500
• Repair/remodel/reconstruct facilities
• Transportation equipment
• See Iowa Code Section 298.23 for full details

71
Debt Levy

• Voter approved levy for construction and
  renovation of school buildings, sites and other
  school facilities
• Two ballot measures
• One-time election if want to go from 2.70 to
  4.05
• Ballot language approving bond
• Both require 60 for approval

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School Infrastructure Local Option (SILO) Tax

• Maximum 0.01 additional sales and services tax
• Maximum 10 years (sunset 12/2022)
• May be extended before expiration (simple
  majority voter approval)
• County-wide
• School district(s) representing at least half of
  the population of the county
• 50 plus one simple majority to pass

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School Infrastructure Local Option (SILO) Tax

• Distributed on per pupil basis
• Your districts county resident enrollment/
• Total county resident enrollment of funds
• Distributed monthly reconciliation payment in
  November
• Only start July 1 or January 1 and no sooner than
  90 days following election
• 99 counties currently have passed a SILO and 2
  have extended
• 100 of sales are currently taxed

74
SILO Tax changes from 2003

• Expanded Purpose Changed the definition of
  infrastructure to include PPEL (e.g., buses,
  technology, repair) and Public Education and
  Recreation Levy (PERL) purposes.
• Revenue Purpose Statements Allows a revenue
  purpose statement (how are you going to spend the
  funds.) The statement is specific to each
  district in the county. Timelines for revenue
  purpose statements
• Deliver to County Auditor 60 days prior to vote.
• County Auditor publishes in newspaper 10 to 20
  days prior to election.
• County Auditor posts at polling places.

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SILO Tax

• If miss any of these deadlines or choose no
  Revenue Purpose Statement, must use funds for
  property tax relief (debt service, PPEL and
  PERL). If those are fully bought down, then use
  for any lawful purpose.
• Can change revenue purpose statements with a
  district-wide election. Requires a 50 plus one
  majority to change purpose.
• Make sure statements are in harmony with ballot
  language and state purposes no broader than those
  contained on ballot.

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SILO State Equity Funds

• Supplement Funding
• Starting in FY 2005, supplement funding
  appropriated along with funds from districts
  above the average which passed after 2004 to
  bring districts up to 560 (or to a level the
  fund can support).
• The math
• If funds are available to bring everyone to 560

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School Infrastructure Local Option (SILO) Tax

• Allowable uses (limited by ballot)
• Any permissible debt levy use
• Payment of bonds either new or old property tax
  bonds
• Can borrow against proceeds
• NEW Physical Plant and Equipment Levy (PPEL) or
  Public Education and Recreation Levy (PERL) uses
  and Demolition
• NEW implied property tax relief for PPEL or PERL
  taxes including income surtax relief

78
School Local Option Tax Equity Issues

• Local per pupil sales tax revenue ranges from
  just under 200 to over 1,300 per pupil
• No relationship between sales tax capacity and
  property tax capacity still have property and
  sales tax poor areas
• Districts in multiple counties have to pass
  multiple votes
• Long-term equity depends on retail rich counties
  approving SILO for second ten years, sufficient
  state appropriation, or a statewide penny

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School Local Option Tax Other Issues

• Certificate of Need required for using
  supplemental funds for districts below 250
  enrollment.
• SILO revenue must be on hand to lower debt
  cant anticipate next years revenue
• Timing issues supplemental and reconciliation
  payments after June 30
• Cant anticipate supplemental amount for bonding
  purposes equal distribution is still not equity
  for students without the state penny

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Other Levies Available to Districts

• Management levy
• Levy amount determined annually by the board for
  following purposes
• Unemployment benefits
• Liability insurance/judgments/settlements
• Early retirement benefits
• Dollars levied go to Management Fund not General
  Fund

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Other Levies Available to Districts

• Cash reserve levy
• Levy amount determined annually by the board for
  cash flow purposes
• Used to fund spending authority but does not
  create spending authority
• Limitation total cash reserves cant exceed 25
  of expenditures for the prior fiscal year

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School Aid Formula Understanding the System

• Remember

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School Aid Formula Understanding the System

• Observations
• The foundation formula provides student equity on
  the instruction side of the equation
• The foundation formula provides some taxpayer
  equity
• The additional levy causes the most taxpayer
  inequity for the foundation formula

84
School Aid Formula Understanding the System

• Is this all the taxpayer inequity?
• Instruction side - ISL
• Facilities
• PPEL Debt service
• PERL
• Even though rate limited, because property taxes
  are not equalized, rates may be higher than
  otherwise would be the case
• Other
• Cash reserve levy
• TIF

85
School Aid Formula Understanding the System

• Student inequity
• Regular program - Differing costs per pupil
  (about 4)
• Facilities
• Debt service, PPEL and PERL generate
  approximately seven times the amount in the
  property richest district as property poorest
• Local option tax generates over six times in the
  sales tax richest to the sales tax poorest
  (adjusted to 2.3 times due to state supplement)

86
School Aid Formula Understanding the System

• Helping make sense of all this
• Data tools and calculators on IASB Finance
  Website
• New Dashboard style reports

87
Categorical Funds

• Appropriations from the State
• Strings must spend a certain way and account
  for the spending and report
• Outside of bargaining
• Dont tend to increase with inflation
• LIFO last in / first out at risk during tight
  budget times.

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Categorical Funds

• ISL - 14 Million (33 M short)
• Educational Excellence Phase I II 54.7 M
• Class Size/Reading - 29.3 M
• Teacher Compensation
• Basic allocation salaries 141 M
• Professional development - 20 M
• Market factor - 3.4 M
• Grants for nurses, counselors, librarians 1.0 M
• At-risk grants - 12.6 M
• Property tax equity payments - 12 M

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Many competing needs staff, students, heat,
technology, buses, football, copiers, lockers,
etcHeres one of the most powerful ways you
should spend some money
How to Spend all that Money????
90
Quality teaching is the biggest factor
contributing to student learning.Quality
professional development is the best way to
improve the quality of instruction. Budget
pressures traditionally result in less resource
for professional development.
Funding for Professional Development Why?
91
How Much is Enough? Benchmarks
?

• Iowa Schools
• Phase III 744 per teacher (FY02), 306 per
  teacher (FY03) 0 (FY04) 588 per teacher (2007)
  or 41 per pupil
• NYC School District 2
• 3 percent of budget (equivalent of 42.2 million
  or double Iowas traditional Phase III
  allocation)
• Japan new teachers have reduced class load and
  mentors 60 days of professional development
• Massachusetts in 2004 was required to spend 124
  per pupil in PD ( 60 M in Iowa)

92
How Much is Enough? Benchmarks
?

• National Staff Development Council
• Recommends 15 days annually
• Iowans for a Better Future/2010 goals - 20 days
  of PD
• Teacher Quality/Student Achievement Act -
  Originally proposed 2 days annually until 10 were
  funded, now 20 M with no days (goal of one day)
  Must follow Iowa PD Model
• Each day costs about 10 million per diem plus
  expenses

93
Iowa Trend Line

• Increase commitments to professional development
  days, despite loss of Phase III appropriations.
• Use of the additional day
• 309 Iowa school districts added an extra day.
• 31 districts added extended hours to different
  days.
• 25 districts added weekend time or multiple
  methods for separate buildings.
• Average days of professional development
• 2001 4.20 days
• 2005 5.38 days
• 2006 6.63 days
• 2007 ???

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Where to look for

• Title I (Reading and Math) carve out portion of
  regular staff development for Title 1 teachers
• Special Education TAG
• Mentoring Program link to
  Professional Development
• Early Childhood Intervention
  Class Size - State federal (K-3) Title V
• Grants eg., Reading First federal

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Where to look for

• Vocational Education
• Empowerment and Decat funds
• Instructional Support Levy (board or vote)
• Dropout prevention allowable growth (requires
  approved plan and SBRC request)
• Direct teacher quality state appropriations
  requires TQ committee agreement

96
Where to look for

• Alter your schedule
• Back-to-back pre/study group time
• Double-up non-core classes so core teachers can
  work together
• Team teach (allows practice, observation,
  modeling and feedback)
• Early Outs (explain to parents it cannot be
  perceived as time off for teachers)
• Late starts? Is this easier on
  kids/parents/teachers?

97
Free up General Fund

• Use of SILO PPEL buses,
  equipment, lease-purchases below 500, energy
  efficiency to save GF
• Use of management fund property, casualty
  loss insurance, equipment breakdown insurance or
  early retirement
• Review Master Contract in light of teacher
  quality law and elimination of Phase III
• Make energy efficiency improvements
  w/energy bank loans
• Participate in pooled purchasing
  programs

98
National Data School Spending on Professional
Development

• Natl average 3.3 of total general fund (200
  per pupil) on instructional staff support
• Slight growth in 1990s (3.07 to 3.31)
• Controlled for geographic cost differences
• Iowa is slightly below average (2.9 before
  elimination of Phase III that was 23 million
  compared to 20 million state funding now)
• Source Journal of Education Finance 28 (Summer
  2002) School District Spending on Professional
  Development Insights Available from National
  Data (1992-1998), Killeen, Monk Plecki

99
Tough Choices

• Policy question
• A is it better to preserve teaching jobs (class
  size) at the expense of quality professional
  development? or
• B is it better to fund quality professional
  development at the expense of teaching jobs
  (class size)?
• How do you know?

100
Why Professional Development?
Source Greenwald, R., L.V. Hedges, and
R.D.Laine (1996) The Effect of School Resources
on Student Achievement, Review of Education
Research 66 (3), pp. 362-396
101
How do you know?

• Measure the impact of professional development
  and initiatives
• Use research based PD and make estimates/goals of
  student achievement increase
• Regular reports on implementation
• Set expectations and reward/acknowledge
  improvements
• Cost benefit analysis
• IASB growth tool determine cohort growth
  related to classrooms of early vs. late
  implementers

102
IASB Recommended Priorities
1 SILO Repeal/Penny Replacement 2 Foundation
Formula Tax Equity 3 Professional Development
State Funding 4 State Content
Standards/Assessment 13 Allowable Growth 14
Formula Addresses Enrollment Changes
103
School Aid - Web Resources

• IASB www.ia-sb.org
• Dept. of Education www.state.ia.us/educate/index.
  html
• Legislature - bills, amendments, etc.
  www.legis.state.ia.us
• Legislative Fiscal Bureau http//staffweb.legis.
  state.ia.us/lfb/
• Dept. of Revenue and Finance www.state.ia.us/gov
  ernment/drf/index.html

104
Summary/wrap-up/reflection

• Please fill out your Evaluations!