A1257787017PEAGs

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Introduction to RUPES Program and Some Thoughts
on Social Mobilization
Ujjwal Pradhan, Beria Leimona and Meine van
Noordwijk Hanoi March 5, 2009
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RUPES Phase-1 Rewarding Upland Poor for
Environmental Services
aims to enhance the livelihoods and reduce the
poverty of upland poor in Asia while supporting
environmental conservation at the global and
local levels
Supported by IFAD Coordinated by the World
Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Implemented with
local, national and international partners
Contact rupes_at_cgiar.org
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ICRAFs Mission
We use science to understand the complex role of
trees in livelihoods and the environment,
and promote use of this knowledge to improve
decisions and practices impacting on the poor
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The right tree for the right place
Trees for Products
Trees for Services
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RUPES Agenda
What services to whom and where? How do all
stakeholders know?
Watershed functions, Biodiversity, Landscape
beauty, Carbon storage as influenced by land
use practices
Realistic
Conditional
Bridging local, scientific and policy ecological
know-ledge, negotiation support systems, local
monitoring
Voluntary
Which reward mechanisms and how they
work? Which policies can support?
Land tenure, Trust funds, Infrastructure, Social
capital support, Eco-label markets, Ecotourism
Equity, Efficiency, Effectiveness
Pro-poor
Direct involvement of local governance, clear
implementation of global conventions, integrated
natural resource management, community-based
forestry
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Summary of Criteria for Reward Mechanism for
Environmental Services

• A. Effectiveness, Efficiency and Sustainability
• Realistic
• Voluntary
• Conditional

B. Equity / Fairness 4. Pro-poor
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Criteria
(a) Realistic A RES should be able to reduce and
avoid threats to environmental services that are
likely to happen in the absence of further
intervention to do so, benefits gained by both
sellers and buyers need to be tangible and
sustainable. For ES intermediaries, there must be
sufficient values accruing from ES to support
development of RES mechanisms.
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(b) Conditional A RES should be able to connect
actual ES provision with the reward being
provided, in a manner that ensures transparency
regarding conditions when rewards can be granted
or not.
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(c) Voluntary A RES is voluntary when engagement
of ES providers in RES schemes is based on free
choice rather than on being the object of
regulation. The key distinction between RES and
purely regulatory solutions to ES issues is that
both buyers and sellers voluntarily agree on RES
contractual agreements. Bargaining power of both
buyers and sellers can increase with insights
into each others strategies.
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(d) Pro-poor A RES considers equitable impacts
on all actors, and design of RES mechanisms is
positively biased towards poor stakeholders.
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Action Research Mode of RUPES

• In a range of settings
• Identification/confirmation and monitoring of ES
• and use options, benefits and costs
• An array of mechanisms developed and tested
• Transparent enabling institutional environment
• Awareness raised among government officials,
  producers and consumers of these services
• Effective partnerships formed among consortium
  members regional, national and local

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Bakhun
Kalahan
Manila
Bakun
Kalahan
Singkarak West Sumatra
Bungo Jambi
Kulekhani, Nepal
Sumberjaya Lampung
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Public/Policy Ecological Knowledge
Based on categories
Based on processes
Local Ecological Knowledge
direct observables
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RUPES Rewards for, Use of and Shared Investment
in Pro-poor Environmental Services (Phase-II)

• Goal Rewards for provision of environmental
  services flow to poor people in an Asian context.

• National policy framework participation by
  national policy makers in international fora and
  development and improvement of policy frameworks
  for voluntary, realistic, conditional and
  pro-poor RES.
• B. International and national buyer and investor
  engagement business case for investment in
  pro-poor environmental service schemes.
• C. Environmental service intermediaries enabled
  good practices and capacity building for
  intermediaries
• D. Innovations in effective, efficient and
  pro-poor RES mechanisms rural poor as ES local
  providers and conditions for success of
  established and new types of RES mechanisms.
• E. Mainstream RES into IFAD rural development
  initiatives awareness of the potential for RES
  in rural development.

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RUPES working with the rural poor to benefit from
rewards for the provision of environmental
services and through the adoption of more
productive and sustainable land management
systems.
RUPES Increase the ecosystem services and human
well-being

• RUPES is working in a wide variation of
  landscapes in Indonesia, the Philippines, India,
  Nepal, Vietnam and China with solid collaboration
  with RUPES-II partners for testing of new in-kind
  rewards and their mechanisms, such as bundling
  local benefits on watershed protection and global
  carbon payments, bio-rights schemes, micro-hydro
  reward projects and market access for organic
  products derived from well-managed landscapes.

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gat
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Social Mobilization and Local Awareness
What role of the community (or communities) and
internal solidarity, commonality of interests?
How can community or grassroots organizations be
the decision makers themselves and they take the
initiatives by themselves (agency in the local
community itself)? How local voices can be
amplified to link with policy- making and
decision making processes?   What forms of
structures constituency accountability
monitoring and evaluating activities that affect
them garnering legal and political support
making best use of media and IT tools.
  Examples from Nepal (FECOFUN) and select
examples from RUPES I sites
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Lessons Learned from RUPES I

• Local stakeholders voluntary involvement on this
  process will increase effectiveness in program
  implementation.
• Identifying environmental problems, capturing
  local knowledge and understanding farmers
  management option are important steps in
  initializing a conservation program.
• The selection of eligible participants should be
  based on clear indicators to avoid conflicts in
  the future.
• Voluntary linked to realistic and pro-poor..
• e.g. ensure environmental service outcomes of the
  program linked to biophysical studies
  (hot-spots) realistic

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Social Mobilization

• RES negotiation will succeed if the community
  appreciates its opportunity, role and impacts as
  ES Seller.
• The communities should be involved in the scheme
  voluntary and understand their bargaining
  positions based on optimal threat and cooperation
  with others stakeholders.
• Community based institution should have
  well-functioning structure in order to
  effectively support an operasional RES mechanisms
  

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Social Capital bridging and bonding capital

• measure network access and forms of participation
• Good connections to program sponsors bridging
  social capital?
• Collective action within the group bonding
  social capital?

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Towards a Collective Action and Common Cause
Framework Political Openings, Identify, and
Mobilizing Structure (Britt 2002)

• Strategic Framing Processes.
• Identity Formation
• Mobilizing Structures
• Resources Mobilization
• Political Opportunity Structures

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Towards a Collective Action and Common Cause
Framework Political Openings, Identify, and
Mobilizing Structure (Britt 2002)

• Strategic Framing Processes Conscious and
  strategic efforts by groups of different people
  to create shared understandings of the world that
  legitimate and motivate collective action.
• Identity Formation Actor identities, and how
  these emerge, are shaped, and nurtured through
  processes of association and identifying with
  each other on a basis of common cause.
• Mobilizing Structures Life patterns, social
  relations, and networks that build a basis for
  collective action.

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Towards a Collective Action and Common Cause
Framework Political Openings, Identify, and
Mobilizing Structure (Britt 2002)

• Resources Mobilization Labor, in-kind support,
  and resources including help from other
  institutions, organizations or foundations,
  provision of equipment, communication channels,
  work space, and financial support.
• Political Opportunity Structures The relative
  openness or closure of the political system that
  facilitate demands for social change in societal
  arrangements.

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Thank You