EDUCATION SYSTEM IN TRKIYE

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EDUCATION SYSTEM IN TÜRKIYE

• FUNDA GENCEL
• ENGLISH INSTRUCTOR
• FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT, AKDENIZ UNIVERSITY
  

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PART 1

• PRINCIPLES REGULATING THE EDUCATION SYSTEM

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PRINCIPLES REGULATING THE EDUCATION SYSTEM

• The Turkish education system is organized on the
  basis of

1. Constitution of the Turkish Republic 2.
Laws Regulating Education and Instruction 3.
National Programs4. Government Programs5.
Development Plans6. National Education Councils
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Based on these factors, education principles have
been defined as follows

- Education shall be national,- Education shall
be Republican,
- Education shall be secular,- Education shall
have a scientific foundation,
- Education shall incorporate generality and
equality,- Education shall be functional and
modern.
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Education system has democratic, modern,
scientific secular and co-educational
characteristics.

• The purpose of the Turkish Education System is

• 1. to increase the welfare and happiness of the
  Turkish citizens and Turkish society,

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• 2. to support and facilitate economic, social and
  cultural development in national unity and
  integration and

3. to make the Turkish nation a constructive,
creative and distinguished partner in modern
civilization.
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• The Turkish Education System was built in
  accordance with the Atatürk's Reforms after the
  Turkish War of Independence.

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It is a state supervised system

• which was designed to create a skillful manpower
  for the social and economic process of the
  country.

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Turkish system mandates 8 years of primary
education between the ages of 6 and 14,

• and in 2001 enrollment of children in this age
  range was nearly 100.

• For 14-18 year olds three or more years of
  secondary education are available in public,
  distance-learning, and vocational high schools.

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About 95 of students

• attend public schools, but inadequacies of the
  public system increasingly motivates middle-class
  parents

to seek private education.
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In 2001 some 1,273 institutions of higher
learning were in operation.

• Except for the Open Education Faculty (Turkish
  Açikögretim Fakültesi) at Anadolu University,
  entrance is regulated by a national examination,
  ÖSS,

after which high school graduates are assigned to
the limited university space available, according
to their performance.
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Annually, about 1.5 million students graduate
from Turkish high schools.

• In 2002, the total expenditure on education in
  Turkey amounted to 13.4 billion,

including the state budget allocated through the
National Ministry of Education and private and
international funds.
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PART 2

• TURKEY AT A GLANCE

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EDUCATION
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Goals of Turkish National Education

• To achieve 100 percent participation rate in
  elementary education (95 percent in 1986).
• To raise the rate of literacy of the society
  which has already reached 85 .
• To emphasize technical and vocational education.

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• To extend comprehensive schools where
  multi-purpose programs are to be offered to 60
  of the children in secondary schools by the
  1995-96 school year.
• To take the necessary measures to raise the
  quality of national education.
• To expand the provision of pre-school education
  so as to meet fully the demand for it.

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Educational System - Divisions

• The educational system consists of two main
  divisions namely "formal" and "non-formal"
  education. Formal education covers the
  institutions of "pre-school education", "primary
  education", "secondary education", and "higher
  education". "Non-formal education" covers all
  other educational provision sponsored by the
  Ministry that occurs outside formal education.

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FORMAL EDUCATION
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NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
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EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

• As with the overall administration of the
  country, educational administration is firmly
  centralized under the Ministry of Education.
• The Ministry is responsible for drawing up
  curricula, coordinating the work of official,
  private and voluntary organizations, designing
  and building schools, developing educational
  materials and so on.

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• The Supreme Council of National Education
  discusses and decides on curricula, regulations
  etc. prepared by the Ministry.
• Educational affairs in the provinces are
  organized by the Directors of National Education
  appointed by the Minister.
• However, they work under the direction of the
  provincial governor.

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FINANCING EDUCATION

• Public education at all levels receives major
  support from the central government, which is
  responsible for all educational expenses.
• Primary education is also supported locally,
  mainly for the construction and maintenance of
  schools.
• About 10 of the general budget is allocated for
  education.

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Academic Calendar

• The academic year generally begins in late
  September or early October and extends through to
  May or early June, with some variations between
  urban and rural areas.
• The school day comprised of a morning and an
  afternoon session except in overcrowded schools,
  where a split session may be required.
• Schools are in session for five days a week.
  There is also a two-week winter break in
  February.
• Universities and colleges usually organize the
  academic year into two semesters, the first
  extending from October to January, the second
  from February/March to June/July.

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Distribution of Schools and Teachers
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Year 1992-1993 JH Junior High School
(Ortaokul) HS High School (Lise)
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PART 3

• Formal Education

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• Formal education is the regular education of
  individuals in a certain age group and given in
  schools. This includes Pre-Primary education,
  Primary education, Secondary education and Higher
  education institutions.

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Pre-Primary education

• Pre-Primary education is an optional education
  for children between 3-6 years of age who are
  under the age of compulsory primary education.

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• The purpose of this education is to ensure
  physical, mental and sensory development of
  children and the acquisition of good habits, to
  prepare children for primary education, to create
  a common atmosphere of growth for those living in
  inconvenient circumstances and to ensure that
  Turkish is spoken correct and well.

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• Pre-school education is given in kindergartens,
  daycare homes, nursery classes in primary
  schools, and in private nurseries, all under the
  supervision of the Ministry. They are usually
  concentrated in larger towns and cities.

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• In the autumn of the year children turn five they
  might attend kindergartens (public or private).

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• The state does not have the necessary capacity to
  provide kindergarten classes to all children.

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• However, in August 2007 the government declared a
  target of 50 of children attending kindergarten
  by 2011.

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Primary Education

• With a new Law in 1997, eight years of Primary
  school is compulsory today (former system was
  five years of compulsory primary school, followed
  by three years of middle or junior high school
  education).

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• Primary education is compulsory for all boys and
  girls at the age of 6, and is given free of
  charge in public schools.
• These schools provide eight years of
  uninterrupted education.
• There are also private (and paid) schools under
  State control.

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• In most of the primary schools, foreign language
  lessons start from 4th class.
• Most elementary school students dress similarly
  in a type of uniform to avoid any social class
  differences between rich and poor students.

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• If the children fails to pass the class, he/she
  has to repeat the same class next year.
• At the end of 8 years, successful students get
  their Diploma and can go for the Secondary
  education.

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• The purpose of primary education is to ensure
  that every child
• . acquires the basic knowledge, skills,
  behaviors, and habits to become a good citizen,
• .is raised in line with the national moral
  concepts and
• .is prepared for life and for the next
  education level parallel to his/her interests and
  skills.

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Secondary Education

• High school lasts 4 years, with some high schools
  having an additional year of preparatory classes
  in a foreign language.

• The different kinds of high schools of the
  Turkish education system include

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. Public High Schools, the standard type

• Anatolian High Schools which provide more lessons
  in a selected foreign language (English, German
  or French)
• Anatolian Imam-Hatip High Schools which have a
  same curriculum as Anatolian High Schools with
  lessons about religion
• Science High Schools focusing on science
  education

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• Vocational High Schools, which focus on a certain
  type of profession such as

• Tourism Vocational High Schools,

• Industrial Vocational High Schools,

• and Electrical Vocational High Schools

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.Imam-Hatip High Schools, different type of
general high school with lessons about religion

• and finally, Private High Schools, which are
  established by private enterprises.

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METIN NURAN ÇAKALLIKLI ANATOLIAN HIGH SCHOOL
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Robert College of Istanbul Ankara Science High
School in Ankara
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• There are 7934 High Schools in Turkey as of 2007
• The lessons taught in high schools' 9th and 10th
  grades are

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11. Second Foreign Language (German, French,
Italian, Japanese, Arabic, Russian languages)
1. Turkish Language
2. Turkish literature
3.Mathematics
12. National Security
4. Physics
5. Chemistry
13. Health Studies
6. Biology
14. Electives
7. Geometry
8. Turkish History
15. Profession Lessons (only in Vocational High
Schools)
9. Geography
10. English language
16. Courses on Religion (only in Anatolian
Imam-Hatip High Schools and Imam-Hatip High
Schools)
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When students complete the 9th grade, they choose
one of four tracks

• 1. Turkish languageMathematics,
• 2. Science,
• 3. Social Sciences, and
• 4. Languages.

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• In Vocational High Schools no tracks are offered,
  while in Science High Schools only the Science
  tracks is offered.

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At the end of high school,

• following the 12th grade, students take a High
  School Finishing Examination and they are
  required to pass this in order to take the ÖSS
  and continue their studies at a university.

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Exam scores are weighted to provide students in
each track with different opportunities when
entering higher education, as follows

• 1. Turkish languageMathematics International
  Relations, Law, Education, Psychology, Economy,
  Business Management, and the like.
• 2. Science Engineering, Computer Science,
  Medicine, and other Science related professions.
• 3. Social Sciences History, Geography, and
  Education.
• 4. Languages Language/Linguistics and language
  teaching.

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Higher Education

• Turkish universities are Republican institutions,
  following Atatürk's principles.
• Universities, faculties, institutes, higher
  education schools, conservatories, vocational
  higher education schools, police and military
  academies and colleges, and application-research
  centers are considered as Higher Education
  institutions.

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• Universities, faculties and institutes of
  four-year higher education schools are founded by
  Law,
• while the two-year vocational schools,
  departments and divisions are established by the
  Council of Higher Education (YÖK).

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• Universities are under the supervision of this
  Council and their programmes must be regularly
  accredited.
• The Council of Higher Education is a fully
  autonomous national board of trustees without any
  political or government affiliation.

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• Universities have their rectors, deans, senate,
  and administrative boards, as well as student
  councils. In the universities, the instruction is
  generally in Turkish. Some universities use
  English, French and German as the language of
  instruction with one preparatory year if
  necessary.

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• After the national university entrance
  examination ÖSS (Turkish Ögrenci Seçme Sinavi)
  organized by ÖSYM, if they succeed, students
  continue with their studies at a university.

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Akdeniz University, Antalya
Main entrance gate of Istanbul University
Court yard of ITU Taskisla Campus
The former Robert College building on South
Campus of Bogaziçi Üniversitesi, Istanbul
Students of Middle East Technical University,
Ankara
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Universities provide either two or four years of
education for undergraduate studies whereas for
graduate studies, a further two years are
necessary, as is typical throughout the world.

• There are around 820 higher education
  institutions including universities with a total
  student enrollment of over 1 million. Major
  universities are located in Istanbul and Ankara.

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• There are 118 universities in Turkey, which are
  classified as either public or foundational
  (private) and
• 373,353 students were graduated from these
  universities in 2006.

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Public universities typically charge very low
fees and foundational are highly expensive with
fees that can reach 15,000 per annum, and as
such, a majority of students in tertiary
education attend public institutions.

• Since 1998, universities have been given greater
  autonomy and were encouraged to raise funds
  through partnerships with industry.

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University studies last between 2 and 4 years for
the undergraduate level, and 2 or more years for
the graduate level.

• Some universities also ask for an additional year
  of English preparatory study to be completed
  before the start of studies, unless a proficiency
  examination is passed.

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Turkish universities actively participate in the
Socrates - Erasmus program of the European
Commission, aiming to increase student and
academician mobility within the European Union,
the European Economic Area countries, and other
EU candidate states.

• An increasing number of Turkish university
  students complete a part of their studies abroad
  at other participating countries' universities,
  and Turkish universities receive students of the
  same status from abroad.

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With the passage of law 2547,

• the rectors of all the public universities are
  appointed jointly by the faculty, Higher
  Education Council and the President of Turkey.The
  current president, Abdullah Gül, has recently
  suggested that the system might be changed to
  eliminate the Higher Education Council and
  political influence.

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Foreign Students Admission

• Foreign students would like to enroll in the
  post-graduate programs of the Turkish
  institutions of higher education can apply
  directly to universities and must have completed
  their secondary education in a high school in
  which the education is equivalent to that of a
  Turkish lycee
• they need to have it confirmed from a Turkish
  Embassy in their country and apply for a student
  visa.
• The applications of foreign students will be
  considered by the universities within their limit
  of the allocated places for foreigners.

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• The students must also take the Foreign Student
  Entrance Examination (YÖS) which consists of two
  tests
• a "basic learning skills test" where they must
  score at least 40, and
• a "Turkish language proficiency test" to see
  their Turkish language level, if any.
• Language courses are organized for those who do
  not speak Turkish, and in some Turkish
  universities courses are taught in English,
  French or German.

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• Foreign students must take the Graduate Education
  Entrance Examination or an international
  examination (GRE, GMAT, SAT, etc.) required by
  each university, the equivalency of which is
  recognized by the concerning university senate.
• The evaluation of the results of these
  examinations is carried out by the concerning
  universities.

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PART 4

• Non-Formal Education

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• Non-formal education in Turkey is offered by a
  network of training centers who are supervised by
  the Ministry of National Education (MEB).

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• Non-formal education services aim to
• teach reading-writing,
• help to continue education of students for
  finishing their incomplete education,
• teach balanced nutrition and a healthy life
  style,
• teach people from various professions the
  knowledge and skills they need to improve
  themselves, and so on.

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• There is also Distance Higher Education which is
  offered at the Open Education Faculty of Anadolu
  University. This program lasts for 2 or 4 years.

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THANK YOU!DANKE SCHÖN!TESEKKÜRLER!