Dr' David Galbreath

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Dr. David Galbreath Lecturer in Politics and
International Relations d.galbreath_at_abdn.ac.uk Off
ice F36 Edward Wright Building Hours Friday
10-12
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International Organisations and Security

• IR 3001 International Security
• Week 4
• International anarchy and the security dilemma
  make co-operation among sovereign states
  difficult Robert Jervis

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Problems with the State-Centric Approach to IR

• Why should we look at international organisations
  at all?
• Competing concepts of the state
• As a concept, lacks precision
• The state of states

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IOs Understanding Co-operation

• Why do states co-operate?
• Why do states form institutions in which to
  co-operate?
• Realists Mature anarchy (Waltz)
• Liberals Institutions and Regimes as structure.
  (Keohane)
• English School Anarchical Society (Bull)

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IOs Terms and Concepts

• Anarchy
• Hegemony
• Rationality
• Reciprocity
• Collaboration
• Coordination
• Collective goods
• Collective bads

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IOs What are they?

• International organizations are structures for
  political communication.
• They are systems that constrain the behaviour of
  their members, but offer burden-sharing
• Alliances, Regimes and Formal Institutions as
  IOs

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IOs and Formal Institutions

• A broad definition of institutions persistent
  and connected sets of rules that prescribe roles,
  constrain activity, and shape-expectations
  (Keohane)

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IOs and informal institutions

• International organisations are also based on
  what are called informal institutions
• Reciprocity
• Diplomacy
• Transparency

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IR Theory and IOs

• What impact do international organisations play
  on international relations?
• Realist paradigm (Hobbes )
• Liberal paradigm (Kant)
• Critical theories (Marx)
• Constructivist approaches (Wendt)

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What do IOs do?

• Within international relations, what are the
  roles played by international organisations?
• Legitimisation the club of states
• Norm Creation human rights
• Standard setting telecommunications

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IOs and member-states

• What does realism tell us about states and
  sovereignty?
• Why would states sacrifice sovereignty for the
  sake of membership?
• Are international organisations more than just
  their constituent parts?
• How do international organisations get there
  member-states to do what they what them to do?

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IOs Collective Security

• Collective security is based on three main
  conditions
• that states must renounce the use of military
  force to alter the status quo
• that they must broaden their view of national
  interest to take in the interests of the
  international community
• that states must overcome their fear and learn to
  trust each other.

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IOs Alliances

• Traditionally, alliances were instituted to
  perform one or more of the following functions
• Augmentative A B gt C
• Pre-emptive A gt C B
• Strategic A B (A is more powerful by allying)

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IOs The League of Nations

• Failure of the League of Nations to deal with
  several crises in Africa and Asia.
• League philosophy war and use of force can be
  tamed by international institutions.

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IOs United Nations

• UN Charter (Preamble)
• WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED
• to save succeeding generations from the scourge
  of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought
  untold sorrow to mankind, and
• to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights,
  in the dignity and worth of the human person, in
  the equal rights of men and women and of nations
  large and small, and
• to establish conditions under which justice and
  respect for the obligations arising from treaties
  and other sources of international law can be
  maintained, and
• to promote social progress and better standards
  of life in larger freedom,

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IOs United Nations

• UN Charter (Preamble)
• AND FOR THESE ENDS
• to practice tolerance and live together in peace
  with one another as good neighbours, and
• to unite our strength to maintain international
  peace and security, and
• to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and
  the institution of methods, that armed force
  shall not be used, save in the common interest,
  and
• to employ international machinery for the
  promotion of the economic and social advancement
  of all peoples,

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IOs United Nations

• UN Charter (Chapter I)
• To maintain international peace and security, and
  to that end to take effective collective
  measures for the prevention and removal of
  threats to the peace, and for the suppression of
  acts of aggression or other breaches of the
  peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and
  in conformity with the principles of justice and
  international law, adjustment or settlement of
  international disputes or situations which might
  lead to a breach of the peace

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IOs United Nations

• Who deals with Security in the UN?
• General Assembly Chapter IV
• Security Council Chapter V, VI and VII

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IOs United Nations

• Examples of UN action
• Korea (1950)
• Egypt (1956)
• South Africa (1963) Voluntary Arms Embargo
• Cyprus (1964)
• Rhodesia (1966)
• Middle-East (1967)
• South Africa (1977) Mandatory Arms Embargo
• Namibia (1988)
• Angola (1991)
• El Salvador (1991)

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IOs United Nations

• Examples of UN Action
• 1946 Elimination of Nuclear Weapons and control
  of nuclear energy
• 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
  Weapons
• 1978 General Assembly discusses disarmament for
  the first time
• 1992 An Agenda for Peace Peace-building and
  Peace-Keeping
• 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty

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IOs Post-Cold War Era

• United Nations and the Cold War
• Ideological divide
• Post-Cold War World Order
• How different is it?

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IOs the future

• Reform is needed to improve security
• Arms Sales Regime?
• A Human Rights Regime?
• A peace-keeping/making Regime?
• Institutionalise Peace-making?
• Security Council Reform?

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IOs Post 9/11 World Order

• Did 9/11 bring about a new world order?
• What challenges are there for international
  organisations?

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IOs and Security Recap

• Why should we look at IOs?
• What are IOs?
• How have they evolved over time?
• How do IOs facilitate security?
• What has been the role of IOs in the post-Cold
  War world order?
• Does the post-9/11 order bring new challenges to
  IOs?